American Society in the Industrial Age

African Americans Post Reconstruction Army removed, Southern states govern to oppress African- Americans –Hall v. DeCuir (1877) –Civil Rights Cases (1883) –Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal” –Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute Atlanta Compromise –Voting restrictions Poll taxes, Literacy tests, Grandfather clauses

Native Americans Plains Indians and the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo Pacification of native Americans –Concentration Strategy –Reservations –Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Helen Hunt Jackson – A Century of Dishonor (1881) Wounded Knee (1890) –Ghost Dance

“New” Immigration Between about 25 million immigrated to the US –Steam liner - passage safer, quicker and cheaper –Industrialization = opportunity –Farming market in Europe crashed Mainly from Southern & Eastern Europe –Italy, Croatia, Poland, Russia –Catholic, Jews

Voyage to America

Once They Arrived Ellis Island (1892) –Processed 12 million people in 60 years Pass the test –Immigrants were inspected and interviewed Criminals or mentally deficient people were generally the ones to go Not many rejected – maybe one in fifty Often names were butchered by over-worked customs officials and family names lost.

Ellis Island “The Gateway to America”

Pass or Fail? In or Out?

Angel Island Located in San Francisco, CA –The Ellis Island of the West –Predominantly Chinese emigrants

Growth of cities Cities become overcrowded –Sanitation issues sewers couldn’t keep up Garbage couldn’t be picked up fast enough City waterways became polluted from sewage –Tuberculosis became common –Housing Overcrowded No indoor sanitation, so people relieved themselves in outhouses in court yards –The smell was unbearable Jacob Riis – Wrote How the Other Half Lives –Crime Conditions led to violence Street gangs formed from juvenile delinquents

Ethnic Neighborhoods People wanted to be by people who… –They knew –Spoke the language –Had a similar culture –Eases homesickness Observers noted these neighborhoods had a foreign appearance Russian Jewish Neighborhood - NYC

What did they do? Cities were booming Second industrial revolution was in full swing. –Factory work was readily available for unskilled –Merchants in ethnic neighborhoods –Few farmers –They built American cities

Skyscrapers Growth of cities Steel construction possible Labor source Terminal Tower - Cleveland Empire State Bldg - NYC

Urban Life

TENEMENT LIFE

Dumbbell Tenement

Aerial View

Nativist Reaction Nativists did not appreciate the influx of immigrants –Cities are already too crowded –Feared low wage workers –Radicalism in the wake of the Haymarket bombing –Congress passed a literacy test in 1897 for immigrants upon arrival vetoed by President Cleveland

City Improvements Once the connection was made between filth and disease efforts were made to clean things up Streets were paved Streetlights Trolleys improved public transport in the late 1800s –These streetcars made it easier for the area of the city to increase. More folks could live in the suburbs Suspension bridges increased traffic flows to the suburbs as well –Brooklyn Bridge (1883) – connected Manhattan to Brooklyn

Labor Problems Long Work Days Low pay Poor working conditions Industrial accidents Dissatisfaction with work – Monotony No benefits/sick leave/vacation Child Labor

CHILD LABOR

Working Women Worked more and more outside the home Textile mills employed a large % of women Paid lower wages than men

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Women working in garment factory –Mostly Jewish/Italian Fire started and trapped women on 9 th floor as they were notified too late. Doors to stairwells/exits locked 146 women died Led to improved safety standards Women’s Union

Upward Mobility American Dream - believed society offered opportunity –White collar jobs offered this –Public Education system –Work Ethic Rags to riches stories were rare Horatio Alger

Labor Movements Labor begins to organize to combat industrialists –Boycotts –Picketing –Strikes Great Railroad Strike (1877) Haymarket Square (1886) Homestead Steel Strike (1892) Pullman Strike (1894) Coal Strike (1902)

Knights of Labor Led By: Terence Powderly Open to unskilled workers & artisans Open to minorities, women, immigrants What did they want? –Eight-hour workday –Workers’ cooperatives. –Worker-owned factories. –Abolition of child and prison labor. –Increased circulation of greenbacks. –Equal pay for men and women. –Safety codes in the workplace. –Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

End of Knights of Labor Haymarket Square unions violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants anarchistsunions + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants = anarchists Americans turned against labor as a resultAmericans turned against labor as a result

American Federation of Labor (AFL) Led by: Samuel Gompers Catered to the skilled worker. Understood workers would remain working class –Promoted pride in being a worker Pushed for 8 hour days Worker’s safety laws Maintained a national strike fund. Mediated disputes between management and labor.

Religious Answers to the Poor Urban religious leaders –Asked what caused the problems with slums –Henry Ward Beecher – liquor and tobacco –Catholics aided poor but blamed their conditions on their sins Did not recognizing the connection of living conditions and poverty

Social Gospel Social Gospel – Some preachers believed slum conditions caused sin and crimes –Focused on improving living conditions rather than saving souls –Believed people must have enough to eat and decent living conditions to behave properly –Believed in civil service reform, child labor laws, regulation of corporations, and taxing the wealthy

Reformers Settlement Houses –Located in poor districts – provided guidance and services to the poor –Workers were young idealists –Some men, but many women – fresh from college Hull House – 1889 – Chicago –Founded by Jane Addams

Reformers Henry George: Progress and Poverty –Believed that those who create should reap the benefits –Disturbed by land owners profiting from workers –Believed that land should belong to all humanity. –Felt land owners should be heavily taxed –His book is critical of the mal distribution of wealth Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward –Believed in the socialization of America –Book set in year America is socialist society –Popular in underground circles