1. Life at the turn of the 20th Century

2. Immigration

3. Immigration Statistics
Between : about 10 million immigrants came to U.S. – these are the “old immigrants”
Mainly northern and western Europe

4. More Immigration Statistics
Between :about 18 million immigrants arrive in U.S-these are the “new immigrants”
Mainly from southern and eastern Europe and some from Asia

5. Immigrants 1880-1910: Where did they come from?
Ellis Island (NY): opened 1892
Came from southern and eastern Europe… Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia
Angel Island (California): opened 1910 for Asian immigrants

6. Ellis Island

7. HITCH ELLIS ISLAND SCENE

8. Angel Island

9. Why did immigrants come to America?
Better life (PULL FACTOR)
Jews fled Russia and eastern Europe to escape Religious persecution (PUSH FACTOR)
Southern and eastern Europe had poverty and little economic opportunity (PUSH FACTOR)
Found better life but also met hardships (tenements, low-paying, unskilled jobs)

10. Reactions to Immigration
Nativists: immigrants are a threat
Blamed immigrants for increased crime, poverty, and high unemployment
West Coast- prejudice directed towards Asians
Americanization – some wanted immigrants to blend in and helped them

11. State and Federal Laws State Federal
California restricted Chinese against holding jobs and where they could live
San Francisco made Japanese students attend different schools
Federal
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: banned immigration for 10 years and stopped Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens
Congress passed a literacy test

12. Where did they live?
Most immigrants moved to the cities for job opportunities
Created neighborhoods that were similar in religion, language and cultural beliefs
Helped each other through the difficult times

13. Immigrants Living Together

14. URBANIZATION

15. Urban Life Space became crowded so they built upwards (skyscrapers)
Invention of Elevators made it possible to get to upper floors
Concern for green space in cities
Solution: Designed city parks (Central Park, etc.)

16. Skyscrapers

17. Central Park

18. CLASS WARFARE?

19. Lifestyles of the classes
The wealthy
The middle class
The working class
-Made money in industry and business
-Showed off wealth in homes (5th Ave)
-Corporate employees and professionals
-Most city residents
-Lived in tenements
-Most women worked

20. 5th Avenue

21. TENEMENT: Crowded Apartment

22. Tenements

23. Attempt to overcome poverty
Settlement house – volunteers helped teach English and job skills to immigrants
Social Gospel
Hull House (Chicago) founded by Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr
Henry Street Settlement (New York)
1910 – over 400 settlement houses in U.S.

25. CORRUPTION!

26. Political Scandals City Scandals
Machine bosses won support by giving jobs – expected votes
Tammany Hall (NYC) – Boss Tweed – convicted of fraud and sent to prison
Pendelton Civil Service Act: required promotion be made on merit not political connections

28. REFORM MOVEMENTS
Square Deal: Roosevelt’s belief that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced
Trust Busting: Breaking up Monopolies

29. Farmers’ Reform Movements
Crop prices falling
Order of Patrons of Husbandry (National Grange)
Supreme Court ruled that federal government should regulate this
Interstate Commerce Act 1887: made reasonable railroad rates
POPULIST PARTY FORMED!

30. DISCRIMINATION!

31. Discrimination
Wanted to keep African Americans from voting – poll tax, literacy test
Jim Crow Laws – legislature passed to create and enforce segregation in public places
1st law passed in Tennessee – separate rail cars

33. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Homer Plessy (African American) tested law in Louisiana and sat in a whites-only train
Arrested and case went to U.S. Supreme Court
Ruled “separate but equal” facilities did not violate the 14th amendment

35. Approaches to fight racism
Booker T Washington: born into slavery said to accept segregation for the moment
Acquire farming and vocational skills
Tuskegee Institute
W.E.B. Du Bois: should strive for full rights immediately
Founded the Niagara Movement
Niagara Movement founded NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

36. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON

37. W.E.B. Du BOIS

38. Others face discrimination
Hispanic Americans
Asian Americans
Native Americans
-Mexican Immigrants – debt peonage:
is a method of debt repayment in which an individual makes his payments to a creditor by physical labor.
-Limited where they can live
-outlawed marriages with whites
Americanization Policy
-lived on reservations
-Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

39. Prohibition Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Alcohol responsible for crime, poverty, and violence against women.
Supported Prohibition
18th Amendment
BANNED THE SALE, MANUFACTURING, and DISTRIBUTION of ALCOHOL

40. Women’s Suffrage
19th AMENDMENT
GAVE WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE!