3. Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

4. The Changing American Labor Force

5. Child Labor

6. Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

7. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  P. R. campaign  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  court injunctions  open shop  boycotts  sympathy demonstrations  informational picketing  closed shops  organized strikes  “wildcat” strikes

8. A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

9. Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

10. The Knights of Labor Preached tolerance and the solidarity of all working men and women. Allowed women, blacks, skilled and unskilled, and ethnic minorities to join. – Chinese were barred from joining Encouraged to save $ to purchase mines, railroads, factories, and stores.

11. Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade card

12. Goals of the Knights of Labor ù Eight-hour workday. ù Workers’ cooperatives. ù Worker-owned factories. ù Abolition of child and prison labor. ù Increased circulation of greenbacks. ù Equal pay for men and women. ù Safety codes in the workplace. ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor. ù Abolition of the National Bank.

13. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

15. Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

16. The Downfall of the Knights of Labor Haymarket Square Riot – May 4, 1886—Chicago police advanced on a meeting called to protest brutalities by authorities – A bomb was thrown and several dozen ppl were killed. – Led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor who were wrongly associated with the riot.

17. Haymarket Martyrs

18. The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers

19. How the AF of L Would Help the Workers ù Catered to the skilled worker. ù Represented workers in matters of national legislation. ù Maintained a national strike fund. ù Evangelized the cause of unionism. ù Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. ù Mediated disputes between management and labor. ù Pushed for closed shops.

20. Homestead Steel Strike (1892) The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers Homestead Steel Works

21. Big Corporate Profits!

22. A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

23. Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

24. The Pullman Strike of 1894

25. President Grover Cleveland If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

26. The Pullman Strike of 1894 Government by injunction!

27. The Socialists Eugene V. Debs

28. International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

29. “Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW  Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

30. Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”  Mary Harris.  Organizer for the United Mine Workers.  Founded the Social Democratic Party in 1898.  One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

31. The “Bread & Roses” Strike DEMANDS: ù15¢/hr. wage increase. ùDouble pay for overtime. ùNo discrimination against strikers. ùAn end to “speed-up” on the assembly line. ùAn end to discrimination against foreign immigrant workers.

32. The “Formula” unions + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants = anarchists

33. Labor Union Membership

34. Workers Benefits Today

35. The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor