4. The Growth of Cities (Urbanization) SOL: VUS.8a Objective: The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early 20th century by explaining the relationship among territorial expansion, westward movement of the population, new immigration, growth of cities, and the admission of new states to the Union.

5. Key Idea INDUSTRIAL GROWTH LED TO CITY GROWTH (URBANIZATION)

6. “Such concentration and packing of a population has probably never been equaled in any city as may be found in particular localities in New York” – Council of Hygiene and Public Health

7. What cities grew? NEW YORK, CHICAGO, PITTSBURGH, DETRIOT & Cleveland all grew rapidly

8. Why did cities grow? Cities became centers for MANUFACTURING and TRANSPORTATION People moved to cities to find JOBS Arrival of MILLIONS of IMMIGRANTS to cities Arrival of MILLIONS of NATIVE-BORN Americans leaving their farms for opportunity in cities

9. Why did cities grow? Thousands of AFRICAN Americans flee the south to live in Northern cities.

11. What impact did city growth have on public transportation? New York City started building the world’s first SUBWAY SYSTEM

12. Most cities started TROLLEY or STREET CAR service, connecting the suburbs (residential communities outside the city) to the CITY This enables the wealthy to live OUTSIDE the city and WORK in the city What impact did city growth have on public transportation?

13. How did city growth affect housing? Housing shortages led cities to grow UPWARD and OUTWARD

15. Some workers lived in housing built especially for them by FACTORY OWNERS Formation of ghettos (areas in which one ETHNIC or RACIAL group dominated) How did city growth affect housing?

16. Creation of tenements (LOW- COST apartment buildings designed to house AS MANY families as possible) and slums (overcrowded/impoverished NEIGHBORHOODS) Problems with slums: OVERCROWDED, UNSANITARY, DISEASE & FIRES How did city growth affect housing?

17. How did city growth affect the need for public services? Cities needed reliable SEWAGE and WATER systems

18. How did people try to solve the problems of the city? 1879 New York City law requires an OUTSIDE WINDOW in every room, resulting in the creation of the dumbbell tenement

19. Tenement of the Old Style

20. Dumbbell Tenement

23. Creation of settlement houses— COMMUNITY CENTERS THAT OFFERED A WIDE RANGE OF SERVICES TO THE POOR Run by white UPPER/MIDDLE class women Targeted CATHOLIC and JEWISH immigrants Provided nursery care and kindergarten for children of poor mothers Taught classes in NUTRITION, health and ENGLISH

24. Hull House- Jane Addams HULL HOUSE was a settlement house started in 1889 by Jane Addams in Chicago

26. Hull House- Jane Addams Volunteers tried to document the problems of cities and use data to get LEGISLATION (laws) passed to HELP people in cities

29. Cliff Dwellers (1913), George Bellows