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Chapter 2: Industrialization and Immigration, 1860–1914
Essential Question What new problems and opportunities developed as America became an industrial power? Why It Matters Now The modern corporation, which today dominates business and influences politics, was developed during this time.
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Industrialization and Immigration, 1860–1914
The turn of the 19th century was an exciting time for many Americans as new inventions such as telephones and skyscrapers brought the impossible within reach. These wonders created new industries and fabulous wealth for a few—and danger and drudgery for millions of workers, including many new immigrants and African Americans.
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America Enters the Industrial Age
Key Ideas Before, you learned Millions of farmers moved to the Plains in the late 1800s and faced economic problems. Now you will learn New inventions and corporations created the Gilded Age of industrial growth and great wealth for a few.
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The Industrial Revolution Continues
Key Question What new inventions changed life in the 1800s? Bessemer steel process cuts cost of steel Thomas Edison finds many ways to use electricity George Westinghouse – alternating current Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
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Corporations Gain Power
Key Question How did corporations affect business competition? Role of corporations John D. Rockefeller establishes Standard Oil Trust. Andrew Carnegie establishes a vertical consolidation with U.S. Steel Industry goes through business cycle of booms and busts.
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Economic Growth Brings Wealth and Poverty
Key Question What inequalities emerged in the late 19th century? Great wealth of business owners Poverty of the workers Industrialization being no help to minorities, workers, and the South Gilded Age
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Immigration and Modern Urban Growth
Key Ideas Before, you learned New inventions and corporations created the Gilded Age of industrial growth and great wealth for a few. Now you will learn Immigration and industrialization spurred the rapid growth of America’s cities.
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Industrialization Changes Cities
Key Question How did industry and new inventions change society? Population begins to shift to the cities Urbanization changes cities.
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The New Immigrants Key Question Who were the new immigrants and where did they settle in the United States? the old immigrants from northern and western Europe the new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe (Ellis Island) Asian immigrants (Angel Island) Very different cultures
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Reactions to Immigration
Key Question What did native-born Americans fear about immigration? United States as a melting pot Native-born Americans fearing competition Immigration restrictions and the Chinese Exclusion Act
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Problems of Urbanization
Key Question What problems were caused by urbanization? People living in tenements in slums. Reformers attack problems Cities controlled by political machines.
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The Labor Movement Key Ideas Before, you learned Immigration and industrialization spurred the rapid growth of America’s modern cities. Now you will learn As business leaders guided industrial expansion, workers organized to gain their rights.
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Workers Organize Key Question Why/how did workers organize? poor working conditions and low pay national organizations such as the Knights of Labor early strikes to protest pay cuts as a result of economic depression
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Workers Organize Key Question What happened in early strikes? Violence Government sides with owners Owners brought in minorities (Chinese, Blacks) who were usually not allowed to join unions
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The Struggle Between Business and Labor
Key Question How did business leaders react to workers’ demands? blame labor movement on socialism and anarchists. increasing opposition to unions after Haymarket Affair (violence blamed on unions) Homestead strike – Pa state militia protected non-union workers Pullman strike – rail service stopped in support, federal troops brought in to stop strikes
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The Struggle Between Business and Labor
Key Question What other unions were important American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers, president
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Society and Mass Culture
Key Ideas Before, you learned As business leaders guided industrial expansion, workers organized to gain rights. Now you will learn Industrialization and new technology created a mass culture in the United States.
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Education and Publishing Expand
Key Question What caused education and publishing to expand? expansion of public education increase in literacy, leisure growth of publishing industry and more newspapers
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Pleasures of the Consumer Society
Key Question How did Americans spend their leisure time in the late 1800s? new products and entertainment for consumers mass culture influenced by Advertising Leisure activities
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