1. Chapter 15

2. Immigration
People move to US for a variety of reasons, some to stay and some (birds of passage) to stay for a short time
about 20 million Europeans come to US
First from western Europe and then from the South and East
Why?
Religious persecution (Jews)
Population increase (lack of jobs and farm land)
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3. Chinese and Japanese Immigrants
Come mostly to West Coast
Smaller Numbers
Chinese help build RR’s when transcontinental finished many move to farming, mining, and domestic service
Japanese move to Hawaii in large numbers to work in pineapple industry
Hawaii made US territory 1898
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4. Ellis Island
Ellis Island: In New York Harbor, entry point to US, immigrants are inspected here, about 2% denied entry
Had to pass physical exam (no diseases like TB, have documents reviewed (must meet legal requirements could not have convicted a felony, must be able to work), must have some $$
million pass through its doors
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7. Off San Francisco Bay, CA Entry point of west c oast
Angel Island
Off San Francisco Bay, CA
Entry point of west c oast
Much harsher procedure than Ellis Island
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9. Difficult, must find a place to live, get a job, learn language, etc
Life of an Immigrant
Difficult, must find a place to live, get a job, learn language, etc
Do this because they want a better life
Face discrimination from Americans (fear them for many reasons, Nativism)
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10. Laws against Immigrants
1896: Immigration Restriction League (have to pass literacy tests, can read 40 English words or in native language could be denied entry)
Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882, banned entry to US for all Chinese except students, teacher, merchants, tourists, and government officials for at least ten years
Law is extended for 10 more years in 1902
Law repealed in 1943
Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan’s government agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers to the US.
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11. Urbanization Urbanization was the rapid growth of cities
Immigrants were moving to cities, jobs, and cheapest living areas
1890 there was 2x more Irish in NYC than in Dublin, Ireland
Americanization Movement: the effort to assimilate the new immigrants
Schools and associations created to teach immigrants to be American (eating, living, watching, listening, living, social etiquette)
Many did not abandon their traditions
Ethnic communities were a place of support

12. Housing You could buy a house outside of town
But there was lack of transportation
Or you could rent what's called a tenement house
Cramped conditions
Wall to wall housing
Large numbers of people living in a small area
Little to no sanitation

13. Transportation and Water
Mass transit invented allowing large numbers of people to move from area to area (ex. Streetcars, subways)
Safe drinking water was in large demand with little supply
Inadequate piped water, if any pipes at all
No indoor plumbing
Water collected in pails
Disease such as typhoid and cholera were an issue

14. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives

16. Sanitation, Crime, and Fire
Horse manure in the streets
Sewage in the gutters
Factories produced smoke
No trash collection, dumped in the streets
Sewer lines and Sanitation departments are created, but they still have their work cut out for them
Population increased= more people to steal from crime increases
Major fires occurred in the cities (close quarters with no water)
Kerosene and candles were used in wooden homes
Full time firefighters develop

17. Social Gospel Movement
Social Gospel Movement: salvation through service to the poor
Settlement houses: community centers to provide aid, mostly to immigrants
Run by middle class women providing educational, cultural, and social services
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr found Chicago’s Hull House, a settlement house