1. The Challenges of Urbanization

2. THE STORY TO DATE…

3. Remember all the changes after the Civil War… Reconstruction in the South Manifest Destiny (westward expansion) – Mexican-American War gained land from Mexico – Native Americans removed from the land following bloody battles and moved to reservations Rapid rise of industrialization caused growth of cities – New inventions (light bulb, telephone, Bessemer process) – Transcontinental railroad – Robber barons (Carnegie, Rockefeller)

4. Immigration Large number of immigrants – Through Ellis Island in New York – Through Angel Island in San Francisco 20 million Europeans between 1870 and 1920 200,000 Chinese between 1870 and 1920 Reasons included – Poverty in home lands – Opportunities – Freedom

5. Growth of Urban Population Inventions and technological advance allowed cities to grow – Factories – Skyscrapers Immigration – Most moved to the cities, expanding population – From 10 million to 54 million between 1870 and 1920

6. This is the topic of this section… The Challenges of Urbanization BIG IDEA – The rapid growth of cities forced people to deal with problems of housing, sanitation, transportation, jobs, water, and sanitation.

7. Why did immigrants settle in cities? Cities were the cheapest places to live. It was closest to where they arrived in the United States – Especially in New York (Ellis Island) Factories offered many jobs to unskilled laborers

8. How many immigrants? By 1890, twice as many Irish in New York as in Dublin, Ireland By 1910, immigrant families made up more than half of population in 18 major American cities

9. The Americanization Movement Definition: Social movement by government and citizen groups to teach immigrants skills needed for citizenship – English literacy – History – Government – Cooking – Etiquette

10. Immigrant response Many did not want to abandon their traditions Ethnic communities developed Enabled them to speak own language and customs But quickly got overcrowded

11. Migration from Rural areas Many moved from rural areas because – Technology reduced number of laborers needed – Escape racial violence in the South – Escape political oppression – To seek better jobs

12. Urban Problems Housing – lack of available housing led to many families living in tenements Poor people needed to get around = cities developed mass transit such as subways and street cars Water – Lack of piping in cities led to little or no running water Diseases – Too many people in a small space, lack of sanitation, medical care Sanitation = Garbage on streets, outhouses Crime Fires

13. Reform Movements Social gospel movement – Preached salvation through service to the poor Settlement houses – Community centers to provide assistance to the poor – Run mainly by middle-class, educated women – Taught courses – Provided medical care Jane Adams – most famous of the social gospel movement – founded Hull House in Chicago

14. Jacob Riis An immigrant from Denmark A police reporter, often worked in slums Also a photographer Documented the lives of the poor in tenements Most famous work: “How the Other Half Lives”