Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780’s and took several decades to spread to the other Western nations

Contributing factors to industrialization Increased food supply Expansion of farmland Good weather Improved transportation New crops (potato)

Contributing factors to industrialization Increase in population Parliament passed laws allowing people to fence off land- enclosure movement Forced many peasants to move to cities to work in factories

Contributing factors to industrialization Capital Invest in factories and machines Wealthy citizens- entrepreneurs Interested in finding business opportunities to make money

Contributing factors to industrialization Natural resources Rivers provided water power and a way to transport raw materials Supply of coal and iron ore Large supply of markets Could sell products almost anywhere in the world

Contributing factors to industrialization Cotton production Two step method Spinning cotton to thread Weaving thread on a loom

Cottage industry- done at home by individual Flying shuttle- made weaving faster Spinners could not produce thread fast enough Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) - spin cotton to thread faster Now thread was produced faster than weavers could weave the thread Edmund Cartwright- water powered loom to weave faster Needed workers in factories near rivers and streams

James Watt- improved the steam engine in 1782 Fired by coal Now a steam powered factories could be placed anywhere 1760- 2.5 million pounds of cotton was imported 1787- 22 million pounds of cotton was imported 1840- 360 million pounds of cotton was imported

Coal and Iron industry 1780’s better production of iron Steam engine depended on coal Production of coal increase Aided transformation of the iron industry 1780’s better production of iron Use of puddling- burned away impurities in crud iron to produce a higher quality 1740- 17,000 tons 1780- 70,000 tons 1852- 3 million tons

Railroads 1804- first steam powered locomotive Could carry 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5mph 1830 the rocket first public railway line 16mph Liverpool to Manchester 20 years later could go 50mph Created jobs Lowered the price of goods Larger markets

New factories Created a new work environment Factory owners wanted work done around the clock Workers worked in shifts to make this possible Workers were fined if they were late and dismissed for misconduct Child workers were beaten

Industrialization spread throughout Europe Belgium, France, and Germany Governments spent money on industrialization Railroads were built across Europe United states In 1800 6 of 7 workers were farmers By 1860 population grew from 5 million to 30 million 9 cities had population above 100,000 Only 50% of workers were farmers

Social Impact of Industrialization Social life drastically changed with industrialization Between 1750 and 1850 population almost doubled. Decline in death rates, wars, and disease (small pox and plague) Increase in food supply Famine almost disappeared Cities population grew Left farm land to work in the city Living conditions in the cities were bad Industrial Capitalism- an economic system basked on industrial production

Brought a new middle class Before middle class were merchant, official, artisan, professionals, bankers New middle class included people who built factories, bought and sold machines, and found markets to sell products Often greedy “getting of money…is the main business of the life of men”

Working class 12-16 hour days, 6 days a week, ½ hour lunch No job security No minimum wage Unhealthy working conditions Sometimes 80-84 degrees Dirty, dusty Dangerous- cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes

Factory Act 1833- had to be 9 to work in a factory 9-13 year olds could only work 8 hour days 13-18 years could only work 12 hour days Women made 50% of work force Paid half as much as men

During the cottage industry the whole family worked together Now men had to bring in the most money and women did the house work Industrialization led to socialism Society owns and controls the means of production Robert Owen was a utopian socialist- humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment Created a town in Scotland that flourished Tried in the United States but failed