1. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization
SSWH15 The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism.
a. Analyze the process and impact of industrialization in England, Germany, and Japan, movements for political reform, the writings of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and urbanization and its affect on women.

2. The Industrial Revolution
Began in Great Britain in the 1780’s and took several decades to spread to other Western nations
Several factors contributed to make GB the starting place
Changes in agriculture & increased food supply
Increased population
Ready supply of money to invest
Plentiful natural resources
Supply of markets for manufactured goods

3. Changes in Cotton Production
In 18th century, cotton was made by individuals in their homes
A series of technological advances including the spinning jenny, water powered loom, and steam engine made this inefficient.
In 1760, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to produce cloth
By 1840, Britain imported 366 million pounds each year

4. Coal & Iron Industries
Steam engine crucial to Britain’s industrial revolution
Engine depended on coal which led to an expansion in coal production
Natural resources included large supplies of iron ore
Burned away impurities on crude iron to improve the quality

6. Railroads Particularly important to the success of the Revolution
1804 – first steam powered locomotive
By 1850 able to reach 50 mph and more than 6000 miles of railroad tracks crisscrossed Great Britain
Building railroads meant new jobs for farm laborers and peasants
Less expensive transportation meant larger markets, more sales, more factories, and more machinery.

7. New Factories Another important element in the Industrial Revolution
This new labor system led to shift work
Early workers came from rural areas so employers had to create a system of work discipline.

9. Spread of Industrialization
By mid nineteenth century, GB had become the world’s first and richest industrial nation
They produced one half of the world’s coal and manufactured goods
Spread to the rest of Europe at different times and speeds
Belgium, France, and the German states were the first to be industrialized
By 1850, a network of railroads spread across Europe

10. Social Impact in Europe
Industrial Revolution changed the social life of Europe and the world
Change was evident in the growth of cities and the emergence of two new social classes-
The Industrial Middle Class
The Industrial Working Class

11. Growth of Population & Cities
In 1750, population in Europe was approximately 140 million
By 1850, it had grown to 266 million
Over 50% lived in towns & cities
Led to pitiful living conditions which would prompt urban reformers in the second half of the century

13. Industrial Middle Class
The Industrial Revolution led to industrial capitalism, an economic system based on industrial production
Industrial middle class were made up of the people who built factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were

14. Industrial Working Class
Wretched working conditions
Work hours hrs/ 6 days a week
No minimum wage
Worst conditions in the cotton mills- dirty, dangerous, and unhealthy
In coal mines dangerous conditions including cave ins, explosions, and gas fumes were a way of life

15. Impact on Women & Children
By 1830 in Britain, women & children made up 2/3 of the cotton industry’s work force
Factory act of 1833, set 9 as the minimum age and limited hours a child could work
As children declined, women would make up 50% of the labor force by 1870
Paid half or less than half of men’s wages.
Eventually, laws that limited work hours of women & children would lead to a new pattern of work. Men outside the home and women at low paying jobs in the home.

16. Early Socialism
System in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls some means of the production, such as factories & utilities
Early socialism believed in the equality of all people & wanted to replace competition with cooperation in industry
Later socialists, such as the followers of Karl Marx, labeled earlier theorists as utopian socialists

17. Karl Marx 1848, The Communist Manifesto, was published.
Written by two Germans, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were appalled at the horrible working conditions in factories
Blamed industrial capitalism
Felt the working class- the proletariat- would overthrow the oppressors- the middle class and form a dictatorship
Believed this revolution would result in a classless society

18. New Urban Environment
By the end of the 19th century, new industrial world led to the emergence of a mass society in which the concerns of the lower classes were central
By 1890, urban dwellers increased to 60% in England
Cities also grew because living conditions improved

19. Reforms Boards of health were formed
Building inspectors required new regulations such as running water & internal drainage systems
Gas heaters made hot baths available
Sewer systems were built to dispose of waster

20. Impact of Urbanization on Women
New job opportunities in industrial plants, retail shops, government services, education, health, and social services.
Decline in the birth rate
By 1840’s and 50’s, the women’s movement expanded from earning property rights, access to universities and jobs, into political life and the right to vote.
Between 1890 and 1914, family patterns began to change as working class mothers could afford to stay at home with their children rather than working