Global Migration Key Concept 5.4

Reasons for Migration Push Factors Pull Factors Negative conditions at home Real conditions Perceived conditions Impel the decision to migrate Pull Factors Positive attributes in destination Real opportunities Perceived opportunities Pull the immigrant to move

Push Factors Pull Factors Not enough jobs Few opportunities "Primitive" conditions Political fear Not being able to practice religion Poor medical care Loss of wealth Natural disasters Death threats Slavery Pollution Poor housing Landlords Poor chances of finding courtship War conditions in area Pull Factors Job opportunities Better living conditions Political and/or religious freedom Enjoyment Education Better medical care Security Family links Better chances of finding courtship Get rich easily

Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration

Human Migration: Polynesian Migrations

Spread of Agriculture

Human Migration: Indo-Europeans Aryans

Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE) What knowledge spread with the Bantus?

Language “Migration”

Jewish Diaspora

Post-Classical Migration

The Spread of Islam (630-1700)

Forced Migration Image by Pearson Education, Inc. © 2003

Global Migration 1750-1914 Key Concept 5.4

World Migration Routes Since 1700 European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants

Changes in Demography Changes in food production, improved medical conditions contributed to significant global rise in population New modes of transportation, increasingly relocated to cities Contributed to global urbanization of 19th century

Reasons for Migration In search of work Manual laborers Specialized professionals Coerced and semi-coerced migration Slavery Chinese and Indian indentured servitude Convict labor Temporary and seasonal migrants Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific Lebanese merchants in the Americas Italians in Argentina

During this time period, human population was increasing faster than ever before!

World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

Demography 1750-1914: Global

Demography 1750-1914: Europe Improvements in food supply Application of science & technology Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation eliminates famine Steamboat Year Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19.3 1850 292 25.0 1900 482 30.0 World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined.

Demography 1750-1914: Europe Demographic transition Rapid urbanization High to low mortality High to low fertility Rapid urbanization Suburbanization Decline in urban mortality Urban sanitation Germ theory of disease

Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

European Migration from 1750 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, South Africa, and other areas

African Slave Trade after 1750 Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

Demography 1750-1914: Asia Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850 Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

Labor migration from Asia mainly after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Asian labor migration after 1750 Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean

Indentured Labour The most extensively organized system of immigrant labour was the trade of indentured labourers from India and China A contract to work for a specified period of time, usually fiver years. Most of men that would work to send money back home to their families. Though it was technically a voluntary contract labour system, it was considered by many to be a new system of slavery.

Laborers endure bad conditions. There were inadequate food, no health care with extremely demanding physical work. Laborers were at the mercy of their employers and were provide few legal protections. These laborers would have to earn money to buy their return passage Consequently, indenture though intended to be temporary, often became a permanent migration into a new home.

Many of the indentured laborers would compete with others for employment on the plantations. Chinese immigrants more commonly worked in mining and construction than on plantations. Fifteen thousand were recruited from Hong Kong to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Image of three Chinese immigrants working on the construction of the railroad. Unknown numbers died during construction.

New Gender Roles Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

Migrant Ethnic Enclaves Helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks. Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia

Regulation of Immigrants Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders. The Chinese Exclusion Acts The White Australia Policy

Understanding the Migrant experience Examine one of the following migrations Chinese Indentured Servants in the Americas & New Zealand Japanese in Brazil Italians in Argentina Answer the questions