1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom copyright cmassengale

2 Early Ancestors Aquatic to Terrestrial Life copyright cmassengale

3 Aquatic Ancestor Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Group of green algae Group of green algae Called Charyophyceans Called Charyophyceans Chara copyright cmassengale

4 Algae & Land Plant Similarities Both contain chlorophylls a and b Both contain chlorophylls a and b Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Store starch in plastids Store starch in plastids Cellulose in cell walls Cellulose in cell walls Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle copyright cmassengale

5 Terrestrial Habitat Aquatic Habitat copyright cmassengale

6 Living in Aquatic Environments Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Sperm swims to egg Sperm swims to egg Water supports plant Water supports plant Plants stay in upper surface near light Plants stay in upper surface near light Absorb nutrients from the H 2 O Absorb nutrients from the H 2 O copyright cmassengale

7 Plant Adaptations to Land Problems: Need minerals Need minerals Gravity Gravity Increase in Height for Light Increase in Height for Light Adaptations for Drier environment Adaptations for Drier environment Reproduction Reproduction Solutions: Roots absorb H 2 O & minerals Roots absorb H 2 O & minerals Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Vascular Transport System Vascular Transport System Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Pollen containing sperm Pollen containing sperm copyright cmassengale

8 How Are Plants All Alike? copyright cmassengale

9 Plant Characteristics Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) copyright cmassengale

10 Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations life cycle Alternation of generations life cycle Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue copyright cmassengale

11 Plant Reproduction Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte copyright cmassengale

12 Alternation of Generations 2n Sporophyte 2n gametophyte 1n pollen Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs) 2n seed with plant embryo Sporophyte Gametophyte copyright cmassengale

13 Plant Divisions copyright cmassengale

14 Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called Vascular System Called Vascular System Vascular Bundles copyright cmassengale

15 Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem copyright cmassengale

16 Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes Called Bryophytes Require a constantly moist environment Require a constantly moist environment Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes Sporophyte stage Gametophyte Stage copyright cmassengale

17 Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets copyright cmassengale

18 Nonvascular Plants Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) LiverwortsHornworts copyright cmassengale

19 Main Parts of Vascular Plants Shoots Shoots -Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant copyright cmassengale

20 Vascular Plants Also called Tracheophytes Also called Tracheophytes Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Club Moss copyright cmassengale

21 Seedless Vascular Plants Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Horsetails Whisk ferns copyright cmassengale

22 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds copyright cmassengale

23 Gymnosperms Coniferophyta are known as conifers Coniferophyta are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgo Cycad copyright cmassengale

24 Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood copyright cmassengale

25 Angiosperms Flowering plants Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Ovary is within a flower Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) copyright cmassengale

26

27 Angiosperms Division Anthophyta Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Dicots have two seed cotyledons Dicots have two seed cotyledons copyright cmassengale

28 Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale

29 Dicots Net venation in leaves Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale

32 Plant Uses copyright cmassengale

33 Why We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce lumber for building Produce lumber for building Provide homes and food for many organisms Provide homes and food for many organisms Prevent erosion Prevent erosion Used for food Used for food copyright cmassengale

34 More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce wood pulp for paper products Produce wood pulp for paper products Source of many medicines Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for yards Ornamental and shade for yards Fibers such as cotton for fabric Fibers such as cotton for fabric Dyes Dyes copyright cmassengale

Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1 Through genetic engineering, scientists are now able to duplicate one organism’s DNA and place a certain gene from the DNA into the cells of another species of plant or animal. This technology enables scientists to give plants and animals a new trait that can then be passed on to future generations. There are two methods to introduce new DNA into plant cells. Continued on the next slide

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1, continued In one method, DNA is first placed inside a special bacterium, which carries the DNA into the plant cell. In the second method, microscopic particles of metal are coated with the new DNA and fired into the plant cells with a device called a gene gun.

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Based on the passage, what does genetic engineering allow scientists to do? A to breed better plants B to move genes from one organism to another C to see a very small object without a microscope D to grow plants without soil

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Based on the passage, what does genetic engineering allow scientists to do? A to breed better plants B to move genes from one organism to another C to see a very small object without a microscope D to grow plants without soil

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. In the passage, what does the word species most likely mean? F DNA G future generations H group of organisms I genes

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. In the passage, what does the word species most likely mean? F DNA G future generations H group of organisms I genes

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Based on the passage, what are the two most common ways genes are moved to plant cells? A by bacteria and fungi B by bacteria and a gene gun C by fungi and a gene gun D by particles of metal and a gene gun

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Based on the passage, what are the two most common ways genes are moved to plant cells? A by bacteria and fungi B by bacteria and a gene gun C by fungi and a gene gun D by particles of metal and a gene gun

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2 The main function of leaves is photosynthesis, or the production of food. However, some leaves have functions other than photosynthesis. For example, the leaves on a cactus plant are modified as spines. These spines discourage animals from eating the cactus. The leaves of another plant, the sundew, are modified to catch insects. Sundews live in areas with nitrogen- poor soil. They don’t get enough nitrogen from the soil to meet their needs. So, the plants use their modified leaves to catch insects. Then, the sundews digest the insects to get the nitrogen they need to survive.

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves. B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for food. C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating plants. D Photosynthesis is how plants get food.

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves. B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for food. C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating plants. D Photosynthesis is how plants get food.

copyright cmassengale 1. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves. B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for food. C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating plants. D Photosynthesis is how plants get food.

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Based on the passage, what do the modified leaves of cactuses? F They discourage animals from eating them. G They catch insects for nitrogen. H They function mainly for photosynthesis. I They help cactuses get enough nitrogen from the soil.

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Based on the passage, what do the modified leaves of cactuses? F They discourage animals from eating them. G They catch insects for nitrogen. H They function mainly for photosynthesis. I They help cactuses get enough nitrogen from the soil.

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Based on the passage, what can be concluded about pitcher plants if they capture insects? A They grow in areas with nitrogen-poor soil. B They are trying to discourage animals from eating them. C They don’t need nitrogen from insects to survive. D They have leaves that are modified as spines.

copyright cmassengale Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Based on the passage, what can be concluded about pitcher plants if they capture insects? A They grow in areas with nitrogen-poor soil. B They are trying to discourage animals from eating them. C They don’t need nitrogen from insects to survive. D They have leaves that are modified as spines.

copyright cmassengale Interpreting Graphics This pie graph shows the distribution of four types of plants. Use the pie graph to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation

copyright cmassengale 1. Which of the following types of plants is the least common? A ferns and their relatives B mosses and their relatives C angiosperms D gymnosperms Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation

copyright cmassengale 1. Which of the following types of plants is the least common? A ferns and their relatives B mosses and their relatives C angiosperms D gymnosperms Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation

copyright cmassengale 2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms? F 1% G 10% H 20% I 80% Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation

copyright cmassengale 2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms? F 1% G 10% H 20% I 80% Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation

copyright cmassengale 3. About what percentage of plants are mosses, ferns, and their relatives? A 1% B 10% C 20% D 80% Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation

copyright cmassengale 3. About what percentage of plants are mosses, ferns, and their relatives? A 1% B 10% C 20% D 80% Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation

copyright cmassengale 4. If there are about 265,000 species of plants, about how many of the species are mosses and relatives of mosses? F 2,650 species G 13,250 species H 26,500 species I 212,000 species Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation

copyright cmassengale 4. If there are about 265,000 species of plants, about how many of the species are mosses and relatives of mosses? F 2,650 species G 13,250 species H 26,500 species I 212,000 species Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation