Chapter 4 Cognitive Development

 Assimilation and Accomodation  Disequilibrium and Equilibration  Stages of Cognitive Development –Sensorimotor Thinking –Preoperational Thinking

Sub-stages of the Sensorimotor Stage  Exercising reflexes –e.g., sucking a nipple  Primary Circular Reaction –Learning to adapt –Pleasure & own body –e.g., thumb sucking  Secondary Circular Reaction –Making interesting events –Environment and pleasure –e.g., shaking a toy to hear a sound

Sensorimotor Sub-Stages Continued…  Behaving intentionally –e.g., moving an obstacle to reach a toy  Tertiary Circular Reaction –Experimenting –Different Objects/Different Outcomes –e.g., shaking different toys to hear the sounds they make  Symbolic Processing –e.g., eating pretend food with pretend fork

Pre-Operational Thinking  Egocentrism  Animism  Irreversibility  Appearance as Reality

Information Processing  General principles  Attention  Memory  Quantitative knowledge –3 principles

Quantitative Knowledge  One-To-One Principle  Stable Order Principle  Cardinality Principle

Learning  Zone of Proximal Development –Differences b/w what a child can do with and without assistance  Scaffolding –Gauging amount of assistance to offer depending on learner’s needs  Private Speech –Comments not intended for others –Used by kids to regulate own behavior

Language  Road to Speech  Perceiving Speech –Phonemes = basic building blocks of language, including vowels and consonant sounds –Habituation = when an infant gets tired of a repetitive action like sucking

Steps to Speech  Cooing3 Months  Babbling4-5 Months  Intonation7 Months

Styles of Learning Language  Referential –When use words that dominate others b/c they are familiar names, objects, or actions  Expressive –Include some names but also many social phrases that are used like a single word –e.g., Go Away

From 2 Words to Complex Sentences  Telegraphic Speech –Involves words of key meaning and importance  Grammatical Morphemes –Words or ending of words that make a sentence grammatical –Ability begins in preschool years

Communicating with Others  3 Key Elements 1.Take turns speaking and listening 2.Speak effectively –Remarks should be clear and from own perspective 3.Listen well –Pay attention and let speaker know if their remarks make sense

First Words & Many More  Words as Symbols –Understand words as symbols at months  Fast Mapping of Words –Underextensions = define word too narrowly –Overextensions = define word too broadly  Encourage Language Growth