1. Developmental Psychology
Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

2. Language Development Phonemes _____________
Smallest unit of sound in a language
44 in the English language
More than the alphabet
Why?
_____________
Smallest unit of meaning in a language
Single words like “help” “boat”
Or prefixes and suffixes

3. Theories of Language Development
Biological Theory
Predisposition to learn language at a certain age
Language Acquisition Device
Mechanism that allows children to listen to speech and to imitate sound and sound patterns
Phonemes at 6 months
Words after the 1st year
Sentences by age 2
Without exposure to language it cannot be learned
Flaws?
Does not explain origins of language just mechanisms

4. Theories of Language Development
Learning Theory
Language is learned just as other behavior is learned.
Imitation
Conditioning
Association
Reinforcement
Flaws??
Spontaneous creations

5. Theories of Language Development
Cognitive Theory
Language develops out of mental images
A direct result of cognitive development
Coincides with Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Language accelerates during the preoperational stage as symbolic representation increases
Flaws?
Assumes cognitive understandings prior to language development

6. Theories of Language Development
_____________ Theory
Emphasizes interaction of both biological maturation and the role of the environment in language development
Consistent with contemporary view of language +

7. Sequence of Language Development
Prelinguistic Period
Crying at birth
Cooing(video) at 2 months
Babbling(video) at 6 months
Spoken Words- Video
Appears at about 10 months
Typically only a few words are known
By 18 months between 3 to 50 words
Two word utterances begin 18 to 24 months
Sentences(Video) appear at about 2 to 4 years

8. When Your Child Uses Bad Language
Video –Warning Language is Offensive
How does a parent deal with this type of language?
1) parents need to avoid using inappropriate language
2) parents should avoid reinforcing the language with extra attention and shock
3) allow use of descriptive words like penis, vagina, anus, urinate
4) parents need to express their disapproval of this type of language. Parents need to explain the meaning and express why they are disapproving
What would you do to curb this behavior?

9. Bilingualism and Bicultural Competency
How many people speak another language?
What are some of the languages you speak?
Russian
Farsi
Spanish
Tagalog
Those are my guesses!!
When did you learn these languages?
Do you think in another language?
Class Activity

10. Piagetian Perspective
_____________
Swiss Philosopher ( )
Great contributions to child education
Known as the father of child psychology
4 stages of cognitive development
Video

11. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Typical Age
Range
Description
of Stage
Developmental
Phenomena
Birth to nearly 2 years
Sensorimotor
Experiencing the world through
senses and actions (looking,
touching, mouthing)
Object permanence
Stranger anxiety
Imitation
About 2 to 6 years
About 7 to 11 years
About 12 through
adulthood
Preoperational
Representing things
with words and images
but lacking logical reasoning
Pretend play
Egocentrism
Language development
Concrete operational
Thinking logically about concrete
events; grasping concrete analogies
and performing arithmetical operations
Conservation
Mathematical transformations
Classification
Formal operational
Abstract reasoning
Abstract logic
Potential for moral reasoning

12. Piagetian Perspective
Sensorimotor Stage
The task is learning to coordinate sensorimotor sequences to solve simple problems.

13. Sensorimotor Stage Stage 1: reflexes 0-1 month
Proficiency at sucking, grasping
Lack ability to deliberately grasp or suck
Stage 2: primary circular reactions 1-4 months
Repetition of pleasurable behavior which occurs by chance (involves own body)
Stage 3: secondary circular reactions 4 – 8 months
Repetition of pleasurable behavior which occurs by chance, but involves deliberate manipulation of object in environment
Stage 4: purposeful coordination of secondary schemes 8-12months
Combinations of actions (leaning and grasping) (looking, crawling, grasping)
Stage 5: tertiary circular reactions 12 – 18 months
Exploration using new or novel actions
Formation of trial and error discovery
Stage 6: mental solutions 18 – 24 months
Thinking about problems to develop solutions
Internalization of trial and error
Accompanied by language formation

14. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
_____________Video
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

15. Pre Operational Stage
The child begins to deal with the world symbolically.
Mental images of the world
Symbolism
Symbolic play
Video Pretend Play
Video Stars Wars Revealed

16. Concrete Operational Stage
Children show a greater capacity for logical reasoning
Increase use of hierarchies and classifications

17. Concrete Operational Stage
4 concrete operations
1) Combinativity
Combining two or more classes into one larger more comprehensive class
Eg. All men and all woman equals all adults
2)_____________
Every operation has an operation that reverses it
Eg. All adults except woman equals all men
3)Associativity
Reaching goals in various ways
(3+6)+5 =14 and (6+5)+3=14
4)Nullibility
When an operation is combined with its opposite it results in no change
Give 3 and take away 3 gives you nothing

18. Preoperational vs Concrete Operational Child
_______________- Video
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

19. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development

20. L.S. Vygotsky Social contributions to cognitive development.
____________________ ____________________
Language as the primary tool of cognitive development
Video 1
Video 2
Video 3

21. Intelligence Alfred Binet (1857-1911) David Wechsler Raymond Catell
One of the first to approach the measurement of intelligence
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Mental Age-
Chronological Age
David Wechsler
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Raymond Catell
______________ Intelligence
Knowledge, skills, vocabulary, general information
Thinking, reasoning, perceiving relationships, problem solving