Biology StaAr review

(4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. The student is expected to:

(B) investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules; Provides a selectively permeable barrier around the cell Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Maintains homeostasis for the cell.

Osmosis Cells will shrivel when put into a solution with MORE SOLUTE. Ex. salt water (Hypertonic) If solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, the cell does not change. (Isotonic) Cells will swell or burst when put into a solution with LESS SOLUTE Ex. Fresh water (Hypotonic)

PASSIVE Does NOT require energy Goes with the concentration gradient (high to low) Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion ACTIVE Requires energy from ATP Goes against the concentration gradient (low to high) Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

(C) compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza. Living prokaryote Non –living – not made of cells must reproduce in host cell

Lytic Pathway - rapid replication of the virus, ending in cell lysis (or death). More viruses are released to infect other cells ▪Lysogenic pathway ▪ The virus stays within the cell until certain environmental triggers cause it to enter the lytic cycle.

What is a vaccine A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe.

(5) Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation.

Cell cycle During the cell cycle, cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each which begins the cycle again.

Cell cycle components Interphase New DNA is formed during 3 phases: G 1 – 1 st period of growth 1. Increase in size. 2. Makes new proteins and organelles. S 1 – DNA is synthesized or replicated 1. Chromosomes are replicated. 2. New DNA molecules are synthesized. G 2 – final cell growth 1. Shortest phase 2. Prepares cell for mitosis Cell division 4 phases: (PMAT) Mitosis 1)Prophase 2)Metaphase 3)Anaphase 4)Telephase

Chromosome numbers that result from Mitosis & meiosis MITOSIS produces 2 identical diploid (2N) cells MEIOSIS produces 4 different haploid (N) cells (GAMETES)

Interruptions in the cell cycle can lead to….. CANcer smoking tobacco Radiation exposure Viral infection Causes of cancer

Roles of DNA DNA determines an organism’s traits by controlling the manufacturing of proteins. The sequencing of nucleotides forms unique genetic information.

(6) Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics.

ComponeNts of DNA * PHOSPHATE group * SUGAR - deoxyribose * nitrogen bases (1of4) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) purines pyrimidines

Gene expression determines traits EXAMPLE: Gene 1 - body covering GUA-AGC-UUA (Use chart to find amino acids) val - ser – leu The amino acids sequence will determine the trait. hairless

RNA RNA contains the base uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) RNA molecule is single- stranded

Genetic code A codon designates an amino acid An amino acid may have more than one codon There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating

RNA Transcription- mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain

Mutations can be inherited. Mutations can be acquired. DELETION – loss of a chromosomal segment DUPLICATION – repeat a segment INVERSION – reverses a segment TRANSLOCATION – move segment from one chromosome to another error of replication error of crossing over

What results from Meiosis?? 4 haploid (N) cells Genetically different from each other & the original cell

Genetic modifications Is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. Examples o Cloning o Gene therapy o Genetically engineered plants

(7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life.

Fossils show evidence of evolution Fossil recordHomologies Similar characteristics due to relatedness are known as homologies.

Anatomical homology Another example of homology is the forelimb of tetrapods (vertebrates with legs).

Developmental homologies Snakes have legged ancestors. Some species of living snakes have hind limb-buds as early embryos but rapidly lose the buds and develop into legless adults. The study of developmental stages of snakes, combined with fossil evidence of snakes with hind limbs, supports the hypothesis that snakes evolved from a limbed ancestor.

Molecular homology Different species share genetic homologies as well as anatomical ones. Roundworms, for example, share 25% of their genes with humans. These fundamental similarities are most easily explained by evolutionary theory: life shares a common ancestor.

Divergent Evolution is also known as Adaptive Radiation Evolutionary Stasis occurs when one or many species remain the same genetically with little change over long geological periods of time

Darwin’s finches 31

WHAT OTHER INDUSTRIES WOULD BE WORRIED ABOUT RESISTANCE? Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. ALL IMAGES:

(8) Science concepts. The student knows that taxonomy is a branching classification based on the shared characteristics of organisms and can change as new discoveries are made. The student is expected to:

According to the classification chart below, which two organisms are most closely related?

(9) Science concepts. The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms.

Carbohydrates COMPOSITION/STRUCTUR E C, H, O FUNCTION MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY TYPE/EXAMPLES GLUCOSE, GLYCOGN, FRUCTOSE, CELLULOSE, POLYSACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDS, STARCH

Lipids COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C,H,O ONE GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS FUNCTION STORES ENERGY MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE WATERPROOF COVERING TYPE/EXAMPLES FATS, OILS, POLYUNSATURATED

Protein COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C, H, O, N LONG CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS FUNCTION BUILD MUSCLES, CELL MEMBRANES TYPE/EXAMPLES ENZYMES

Nucleic Acid COMPOSITION/STRUCTUR E C, H, O, N, & P FUNCTION STORE & TRANSMIT GENETIC INFO TYPE/EXAMPLES DNA, RNA, NUCLEOTIDES

Monomers that make up Polymers Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. Mono=1 poly=many

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Role of enzymes Factors that affect enzymes Lower activation energy Speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Make materials cells need Releasing energy Temperature PH Salt

(11) Science concepts. The student knows that biological systems work to achieve and maintain balance. The student is expected to:

ANALYZE HOW ORGANISMS, POPULATIONS, & COMMUNITIES RESPOND TO EXTERNAL FACTORS Abiotic factors include any physical, or nonliving, part of the environment. Biotic factors include any living part of the environment.

Primary succession

Secondary succession

Autotrophs/ Producers (Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic) Heterotrophs/Consumers (Herb-/Carn-/Omn-ivores and Decomposers)

(12) Science concepts. The student knows that interdependence and interactions occur within an environmental system. The student is expected to:

THE THREE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS ARE... PARASITISMMUTUALISM COMMENSALISM

Food Chains = a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Trophic Levels = each step in a food chain or food web

“Heterotrophs” “Consumers” Main Source Energy flow through an Ecosystem “Autotrophs” “Producers”

The Carbon Cycle Nutrient Cycles

The Nitrogen Cycle Proteins Nitrogen Fixation 78%

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