1. Honors Final Exam Review

2. Scientific Approach What are the steps to the scientific method? Identify what a theory is. What is a control and why do you need one in an experiment?

3. Chemistry Which is a chemical change? – Boiling water. – Melting ice cream. – Bike chain rusting – A pond freezing. How is a physical change different than a chemical one? What is an acid? How is an acid different than a base? What scale is used to measure acidity or basicity? Water is a polar molecule. What does that mean to be polar? – what is hydrophilic vs hydrophobic?

4. Organic Chemistry Be familiar with carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. (their structures and functions) Carbohydrates – The monomers are called _______________ – Examples of monomers:______,________,______ – What do carbs do for our bodies? – What element do all organic compounds have? – Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. (when would each occur?)

5. Organic Chemistry Lipids What are the 4 parts of a lipid? (3___and1__) How many water molecules do you get from dehydration synthesis if you build a lipid molecule? (hint: it will make 3 bonds) What are some of the common names for lipids?

6. Organic Chemistry Proteins Know the location and function of the types – Transport – Messenger – Structural – Enzymes (What is their job?) What is the lock and key hypothesis? What conditions affect enzyme activity (remember the liver and potato lab)?

7. Organic Chemistry Nucleic Acids Compare and contrast DNA with RNA Where do you find DNA. What type of cells are eukaryotes? Explain DNA’s structure. What 3 parts make up a nucleotide?

8. Cell Membrane

9. Describe what permeability is. How is osmosis different than diffusion. What is a concentration gradient? What do the following compounds do for the cell membrane? – Proteins – Carbohydrates – Lipids (What are polar heads and non-polar tails)

10. Cell Membrane Passive transport vs Active transport Explain the process of endocytosis and exocytosis and pinocytosis.

11. Cells

12. What structures makes a plant cell different than an animal cell? Be able to identify the structure and function of: – Mitochondria and Chloroplasts – Golgi Bodies – Endoplasmic Reticulum – Ribosomes – Vacuoles – Nucleus / nucleolus – Cell membrane and Cell wall – Lysosomes What are the three parts of the cell theory?

13. Cell Energy

14. Write the equation for cellular respiration and photosynthesis. What is the structure of ATP? Relate the products and reactants of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. When does fermentation occur? – Explain lactic acid fermentation reactants and products. – Explain alcoholic fermentation reactants and products.

15. Cell Energy Aerobic Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis

16. Cell Energy Aerobic Cellular Respiration What happens during – Glycolysis – Krebs Cycle – Electron Transport Chain How much ATP do you get at each step? What areas of the cell do these steps take place? Photosynthesis How do the Light Dependent and Light Independent work together?

17. Cell Reproduction

18. Compare and contrast Mitosis with Meiosis What is the cell cycle and its steps? – Interphase (G1, S, G2) – Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase What is the difference between diploid and haploid?

19. Cell Reproduction

20. Genetics Discuss the difference between phenotype and genotype. Gametes are reproductive cells, sex cells, better known as sperm or egg. Identify the steps of meiosis. – Explain what happens to homologous chromosomes. – How do you get haploid cells and how many?

21. Genetics Vocabulary like homozygous, heterozygous Blood type questions (multiple alleles). Identify codominance and incomplete dominance. Dihybrid crosses and anlaysis of phenotypic ratios. Ex. 9:3:3:1 for the different phenotypes. What does the ratio 1:1:1:1 or 4:4:4:4 tell you?

22. Genetics What is the “code unit” of DNA? DNA has genes on it and the genes code for amino acids that make up proteins. The genetic code Be able to discuss how genetics relates to protein synthesis and evolution.

23. Protein Synthesis

24. Identify where transcription takes place and where translation takes place. What is a change in DNA, which may lead to the evolution of species? Frameshift mutations occur when a codon gets messed up (from a deletion or insertion of bases) and the sequence is read incorrectly. What are the roles of: – mRNA – tRNA – rRNA

25. Evolution Discuss the result of natural selection. Why was Lamarck’s theory of how organisms evolved incorrect? Darwin’s ideas about evolution incorporate the struggle between organisms of the same species and survival of the fittest relating to natural selection. Know what the terms relate to.

26. Classification What are the levels of classification starting with Domain and ending with Species? What makes Species unique compared to any other classification level? Be able to identify the kingdoms of life based on characteristics: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria. – Characteristics include multicellular, unicellular, autotrophic, heterotrophic, asexual and sexual reproduction, eukaryotic, prokaryotic

27. Classification What two levels of classification make up an organism’s scientific name. What contribution to science were made by the following scientists? Mendel Hooke Watson and Crick Linnaeus