2. Biochemical Composition Evidence of Evolutionary Relationships

3. How is DNA related to vertebrate evolution? How does DNA encode the characteristics of an organism? In what different ways can mutations affect an organism? How can a simple mutation end up having a major effect on the phenotype of an organism? How do we use biotechnology to further our understanding of vertebrate evolution?

4. Levels of Organization

5. Levels of Genetic Organization

6. Macromolecules of Evolution Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA universal code (blueprints) for making proteins inherited genetic information Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, and traits that are best fit for the environment are passed on.

7. Macromolecules of Evolution Proteins - determine physical traits structure - materials for building cells function - a. carry substances throughout the body, in & out of cells b. trigger muscle movements c. assist with all chemical reactions in the body d. protect the body against disease Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, and traits that are best fit for the environment are passed on.

8. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. 

9. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides bond together to form nucleic acids a phosphate group of one nucleotide attaches to the sugar of another nucleotide (covalent bond) bases bond with complimentary bases (hydrogen bond)

10. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid shaped like a twisted ladder (double helix) contains genes - one gene makes one protein is inherited - from preceding generations (parents ancestors) nitrogenous bases - adenine and thymine; guanine and cytosine copies itself to produce new DNA strands

11. DNA Replication A half of the DNA ladder is a template to make a copy of the whole Occurs before cell division – mitosis or meiosis

12. Template DNA Strand Sequence: G T C T A C T T G Complementary DNA Strand Sequence: C A G A T G A A C Determine the sequence of the developing DNA strand! DNA Replication

13. 2.RNA - ribonucleic acid single strand of nucleotides decodes genes within the DNA to make proteins nitrogenous bases – adenine and uracil guanine and cytosine

14. 2.RNA - ribonucleic acid 3 types: messenger, transfer, ribosomal

15. Differences Between DNA & RNA A. Sugars 1.DNA B. Number of strands 2.RNA C. BasesD. Location deoxyribose sugar ribose sugar double- stranded single- stranded A-T G-C A-U G-C in the nucleus in nucleus, cytoplasm & ribosome

16. Protein Synthesis

17. DNA RNA Protein Trait DNA  RNA  Protein  Trait Protein Synthesis

18. Transcription a gene is copied a half of the DNA ladder is a template to create mRNA

19. Transcription Messenger RNA Sequence: C A G A U G A A C Determine the sequence of the developing messenger RNA strand! Template DNA Strand Sequence: G T C T A C T T G

20. Translation mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome

21. Translation tRNA meets mRNA at the ribosome with the appropriate amino acids (building blocks of proteins) amino acids attach together (peptide bond) to form a polypeptide chain

22. Translation a 3-base sequence of mRNA (a codon) codes for a specific amino acid a 3-base sequence of tRNA (an anti-codon) bonds with a corresponding codon, delivering its amino acid

23. Translation Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence of the developing polypeptide chain! GluMetAsp peptide bond

24. Proteins Amino acids bond together to make proteins. Proteins differ due to the number, kind, sequence and arrangement of amino acids. Amino acids are attached to one another by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. Form determines function of a protein.

25. Levels of Protein Structure Polypeptide chains spontaneously arrange themselves into 3-dimensional structures to form functional proteins 1º - a straight chain of amino acids 2º - chains bend and twist 3º - twisted chain folds even more; bonds form to hold the 3-dimensional shape 4º - Several polypeptide chains in the tertiary structure come together. This is a functional protein!

26. 46 Chromosomes (23 pairs) approximately 25,000 genes = approximately 25,000 proteins 1 protein = approx. 500 amino acids 1 amino acid = 3 nucleotides 25,000 proteins x 1500 nucleotides = 37,500,000 nucleotides Human Genes & Proteins If there are approx. 3,000,000,000 DNA base pairs on all 46 chromosomes, then… How much of our DNA codes for proteins? What do they call the rest of the DNA that does not code for proteins?