1. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Reporting Category 1
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
PART 1 – BIOMOLECULES, CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2. Biomolecules Monomer vs polymer Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
Nucleic acids

3. Carbohydrates Monomer: Simple Sugars
FunctionL Ready source of energy; also used for structure
Examples: Glucose, Starch, Cellular, Glycogen

4. Proteins Monomer: Amino Acids
Function: Transport, Enzymes (speed up reactions), Immunity (antibodies), Cell communication
Examples: Enzymes, Hemoglobin, Antibodies, Hormones

5. Lipids Monomer: Fatty Acids
Function: Long-term energy source, component of cell membrane
Examples: Fats, oils, hormones, phospholipids

6. Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide
Function: Store and transmit genetic info to make proteins
Examples: DNA and RNA

7. Two types of cells
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells

8. Prokaryotic Cells Lack a nucleus and most other organelles
Include Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria
Eubacteria – true bacteria
Good bacteria and pathogenic bacteria

9. Eukaryotic Cells HAVE a nucleus and most other organelles
Include protists, fungi, plants and animals
YOU are EUkaryotic

11. Cell Part Function Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane Nucleus Chromosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Body
Vacuole
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Controls what enters and Leaves the Cell
Controls what enters and Leaves the nucleus
Control center of the cells
Genetic Information in the nucleus
Transport system in a cell
Makes Proteins
Packages and Ships
Stores water or wastes
Breaks down old cell parts
Cellular respiration (makes energy)
Photosynthesis

12. Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal
Plant

13. Animal Cells Free-form shape Many Small Vacuoles No Chloroplasts
No Cell Wall

14. Plant Cells Square Shaped One Large Vacuole Has Chloroplasts
Has Cell wall

15. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Reporting Category 1
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
PART 2 – CELLULAR TRANSPORT; CELL GROWTH & DIVISION

16. Homeostasis
Maintaining constant internal environment

17. Homeostasis
Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.

18. Homeostasis How do we maintain homeostasis???
By moving things in and out of the cell!!
What part of the cell is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
CELL MEMBRANE!

19. Cellular Transport Passive Transport Active Transport
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Diffusion, Osmosis, Facillitated diffusion
Active Transport
area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Active Transport (pumps)
Endocytosis/Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

20. Cell Membrane

21. Passive Transport (Diffusion & Osmosis)
Osmosis is the diffusion of H2O

22. TONICITY – WATER MOVING (Think about Egg Lab0
ISOTONIC – solute/solvent concentration balanced in cell (NO net movement of water)
HYPOTONIC – solute concentration is low outside of cell so water moves INTO cell (cell blows up)
HYPERTONIC – solute concentration is high outside of cell so water moves OUT of the cell (cell shrinks)

23. Active Transport
Energy is used to move selected molecules into a cell, even if they are at a low concentration.

24. CELL TRANSPORT OVERVIEW
Diffusion
Movement from high to low concentration
No energy required
Osmosis
Movement of water from high to low WATER concentration across a membrane
Active Transport
Movement from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration
USES ATP

25. Viruses

26. Viruses Made up of two main things Protein capsid
Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Not technically living
Need a host cell to reproduce (invades your cells then breaks out)
Cause diseases
HIV – infects helper T cells (immune cells)
Colds, smallpox, warts, influenza, etc.
Can’t be killed by antibiotics

27. Viral Attack Viruses invade cells
Proteins on a virus’ capsid fit into our cell receptors like a lock and key

28. Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

29. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Attacks T-Cells (Immune Cells)
Sexually transmitted
Cannot be treated by antibiotics
May undergo a latency period without being detected allowing a person to pass the virus unknowingly

30. Comparing Viruses to Cells

31. Cell Cycle Interphase G1: Gap 1 – Cell Growth
S: Synthesis – DNA replication
G2: Gap 2 – Cell growth and prepare for division
G0 – Holding stage if cell density is too high and cells don’t need to reproduce

32. DNA Replication The process of copying DNA Occurs before Mitosis
Occurs during synthesis phase of cell cycle
Keeps daughter cells identical
Replication
Fork
Parental DNA Molecule 3’ 5’

33. DNA Replication Basic Steps Unwinds Unzips Adds new bases
Closes back up
Replication
Fork
Parental DNA Molecule 3’ 5’

34. Complementary Strands
If one side is CAG, what is the complementary strand?
Answer: GTC
If one side is AAC, what is the complementary strand?
Answer: TTG

35. MITOSIS Cell Splitting into two identical daughter cells
Occurs in all cells of the body EXCEPT sex cells (sperm and egg)
DNA is replicated first then the cell splits
4 Stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

36. MITOSIS Remember your hand signals! Prophase – Still has a nucleus
Metaphase – Chromosomes MEET in the MIDDLE
Anaphase – Chromosomes pull AWAY
Telophase – TWO new nuclei

37. CELL CYCLE

38. UNCONTROLLED MITOSIS
Tumors are formed
This is what is called cancer

39. Cell Specialization
SAME DNA!!!
DIFFERENT GENES TURNED OFF/ON (OPERON)