1. Session 2 Biomolecules and Enzymes
Biology STAAR Review
Session 2
Biomolecules and Enzymes

2. WELCOME!!!!
NO EATING OR DRINKING ALLOWED IN THE AUDITORIUM
Put away your phones and any other distractions
Have handy a pen & a highlighter

3. B9A: You are expected to compare the functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. B9C: You are expected to identify and investigate the role of enzymes

4. Carbohydrates Composed of C, H, O Monomer – monosaccharides (sugars)
Structure/shape – hexagon
Function – source of quick energy, structure/support of cells
Examples
Mono: Glucose, fructose
Poly: Cellulose, glycogen, starch
Found in – fruits & veggies
Starch
Glucose

5. Lipids Composed of C, H, O Monomer – One glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Structure/shape – E
Function-
Stores long-term energy, insulation & protection
Main component of cell membrane
Provides waterproof covering
Examples - Fats, oils(mono & polyunsaturated)
Found in – butter, animal fats, oils

6. Protein Composed of C, H, O, N Structure/shape Monomer – amino acids
Function
Build cells & body structures
Transports molecules in cell membranes
Examples –
Enzymes, hormones
Found in muscles, bone, skin, hair,
Amino
acids

7. Nucleic Acid Composed of C, H, O, N, P Monomer – nucleotides
Structure/shape-sugar, nitrogen base and a phosphate
Function
Store & transmit genetic info
Instruction for protein synthesis
Examples
DNA, RNA

8. Monomers that make up Polymers
MONOSACCHARIDES
FATTY ACIDS
AMINO ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
TRIGLYCERIDES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

9. Enzymes
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, and lowering the amount of activation energy needed

10. Enzymes
Specialized proteins, catalysts (speed up chemical reactions), can either build or break down molecules

11. Enzymes Do NOT change during reaction, are reusable,
Are specific to reaction & end in “-ase” Example: Lactase speeds up the breakdown of lactose

12. Enzyme Structure
SUBSTRATE
ACTIVE
SITE

13. Factors that affect enzymes
Environmental conditions
Temperature, pH, Salt

14. Factors that affect enzymes
Inhibitors
Chemicals interfere with active site

15. Factors that affect enzymes
Coenzymes/cofactors
Needed for enzymes to bind properly to substrates
Ex. Zinc, iron, vitamins

16. The diagram represents one way an enzyme can be inhibited
The diagram represents one way an enzyme can be inhibited. Which statement explains the effect of an inhibitor on an enzyme?
A. A substrate will be able to bond with the enzyme.
B. The enzyme will likely be attacked by immune cells.
C. The enzyme will be unable to produce more enzymes.
D. A substrate will be unable to attach to the enzyme.

17. Four different nucleotides are used as building blocks of DNA
Four different nucleotides are used as building blocks of DNA. Which of the following can be used to distinguish one nucleotide from another? F. The nitrogenous base G. The shape of the deoxyribose sugar H. The length of the phosphate group J. The type of fatty acid

18. Lactose is found in milk products
Lactose is found in milk products. It is converted by the body into a usable form in a series of chemical reactions. The diagram shows the series of reactions that convert lactose into a usable form. If Enzyme 2 is denatured, the levels of which substance will increase? F. Lactose G. Galactose H. Galactose-1-phosphate J. Glucose-6-phosphate

19. Our next STAAR Review Session is Monday, April 8th
We will be covering Cell Processes including Cell Transport, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

20. The complex carbohydrates pictured below are made by linking molecules of glucose. In all three complex carbohydrates, the subunits of glucose are bonded together differently. Because they have different structures, they most likely — A. contain different chemical elements B. form different proteins C. carry different nucleotides D. perform different functions