1. 3rd Quarter Review
Biology

2. What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?
3 parts:
1. 5 carbon sugar
“deoxyribose”
2. Phosphate group
3. nitrogenous base

3. What are the base pairs that make up DNA? RNA?
Adenine Adenine
And And
Thymine Uracil
Cytosine Cytosine
Guanine Guanine

4. three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to
What is a codon?
three consecutive
bases that specify a
single amino acid to
be added to the
polypeptide chain

5. IF a sequence of DNA reads: A G G C T A T T A C G G A T T, what would the complementary DNA sequence read?
TCCGATAATGCCTAA

6. What are the characteristics of living things?
All Living Things:
1.are made of cells
2. grow & develop
3. obtain & use energy
4. respond to their
environment
5. have the ability
to reproduce
6. are based on a
universal genetic code
7. evolve

7. Where in the cell does protein synthesis take place?
On ribosomes found in
the cytoplasm

8. What type of RNA carries the information of DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
mRNA

9. What factors inhibit enzyme activity?
1. temperature
2. pH
3. inhibitors

10. Define the law of segregation.
alleles for a
trait separate
when gametes
are formed;
allele pairs
randomly
unite at
fertilization

11. What does DNA replication result in?
two DNA molecules
each with one new
strand and one
original strand

12. What is the building block of carbohydrates? Proteins? Nucleic acids?
Carbs-
Glucose(monosaccharides)
Proteins- Amino acids
Nucleic Acids- nucleotides

13. Who were the two people that are credited with the discovery of structure of DNA?
Watson and
Crick

14. Where does ATP store its energy?
In chemical bonds
between phosphate
groups

15. List the steps of the cell cycle in order.
Gap 1 S
Gap 2 M

16. Why is Meiosis I often called "reduction division" ?
diploid cells divide to
become haploid cells

17. What is the purpose of DNA?
Encodes and
transmits
genetic
information

18. What is meiosis?
the
production of
sperm and
egg cells

19. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
List the stages of mitosis in order. (HINT: be familiar with what each stage looks like)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

20. What is the goal of stem cell research?
to repair or
replace badly
damaged cells
and tissues

21. What is incomplete dominance? Give an example
One allele is not
completely dominant;
leads to a blending of
traits.

22. Describe the chromosome number during fertilization.
n + n = 2n

23. the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
What is osmosis?
the diffusion of water
through a selectively
permeable membrane

24. Why is the cell membrane described as selectively permeable?
it selects what will
pass in and out of
the cell

25. Why do cells undergo cell division?
1. Growth
2. Repair &
replacement of
damaged or worn
out cells
3. Asexual
reproduction

26. Describe the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic
Describe the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What happens to a cell placed in each type of solution?
Hypo-water flows into the cell; swells
Hyper-water flows
out of the cell;
shrinks
Iso-water enters & exits at
the same rate; remains the
same size

27. What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis? Be specific.
Divisions: 1 2
Daughter cells: 4
Genetically:
identical
different
Chromosomal change:
Diploid to Diploid
Diploid to haploid

28. Photosynthesis: Light + CO2 + H2O -> glucose + O2 Cell respiration:
Explain the similarities and differences between cell respiration and photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis:
Light + CO2 + H2O ->
glucose + O2
Cell respiration:
Glucose + O2 -> H2O
+ CO2 + energy
Both involve energy
transformations

29. What is homeostasis?
The ability to maintain stable internal conditions in response to changing external conditions

30. How does energy flow through an ecosystem beginning with producers?
producer herbivore carnivore decomposer

31. What are primary producers? Consumers? Decomposers?
producers- organisms who make their own food consumers- organisms who obtain energy by feeding on producers decomposers- organisms that break down dead and decaying matter

32. What are the density dependent limiting factors?
competition, predation, parasitism, crowding, disease

33. What is carrying capacity?
the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustain over time

34. Compare and contrast passive and active transport.
movement:
High to low concentration
Low to high concentration
Energy used:
No energy used
Uses energy
Gradient:
Down the gradient
Against the gradient

35. How does exponential growth differ from logistic growth?
Exponential-rapid growth under conditions that are ideal Logistic- growth is limited by available resources

36. How do carbon’s 4 valence electrons make it uniquely suited to form the biological macromolecules?
4 valence electrons allow it to form complex, diverse molecules

37. What is the equation that describes cellular respiration
What is the equation that describes cellular respiration? Photosynthesis?

38. Where does photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?
Light dependent- in the thylakoid Light independent- in the stroma

39. Explain why plants must undergo both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Plants must first produce the sugars they will use to fuel their own cellular respiration

40. Describe the stages of the cell cycle.
G1 - cell growth
S - DNA is duplicated
G2 - preparation for division
M - mitosis and cytokinesis

41. What are some characteristics of the cell membrane?
-Found surrounding all cells -contain protein channels and carriers -semi-permeable