1. Transport across a selective membrane:
-Passive transport (without energy;
no ATP is required)
-simple diffusion (from high concentration
to low concentration)
-facilitated diffusion (from high concentration
to low concentration using carriers)
-osmosis (movement of water from
hypotonic solution (low concentration) to
hypertonic solution (high concentration))
-Active transport (with energy; requires ATP
and it is from low concentration to high concentration)
Organic molecules:
-Proteins
-Carbohydrates (sugars)
-Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
-Nucleic acids(DNA and RNA)
Flow of energy in ecosystems:
TOP CARNIVORE
-Heterotroph=
consumer =
animals, fungi,
and protozoa
CARNIVORE
HERBIVORE
-Autotroph =
producer =
plants and algae
Evolution:
-Mutation Population Adaption -Survival of the fittest
-Environmental change
change
Evidences of evolution:
-Fossil record
-Geographic distribution
-Embryology
-Compared anatomy
-Genetics

2. =ATP= Photosynthesis:
Process carried out by autotrophs (plants and algae)
Enzymes:
They are proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Light Energy
Chloroplast
Carbon dioxide + Water
Sugars + Oxygen
Replication, transcription, and translation:
-DNA made up of two strands A, G, C, and T
(base pairing AT and CG)
-RNA made up of one strand A, G, C, and U
-Proteins made up of amino acids
Cellular respiration:
Process carried out to produce energy =ATP
for cellular processes
Mitochondrion
=ATP=
Gene:
Sequence of DNA coding for a trait
Mutation:
-Change in the Modification
sequence of DNA in the organism
Cell division:
-Human cells have 46 chromosomes
-Gametes (sperm and egg) have 23 chromosomes;
gametes are formed during meiosis; during fertilization,
gametes fuse together forming the zygote
-The zygote has 46 chromosomes and starts dividing by mitosis
Mendelian genetics:
-Homozygous =pure breeding= same alleles= AA, bb, ZZ, etc
-Heterozygous = hybrid= different alleles= Aa, Bb, Zz, etc
-Dominant allele=trait expressed in the hybrid= A,B, Z, etc
-recessive allele= trait hidden in the hybrid= a, b, z, etc