The New Imperialism 1800-1914

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had strengthened Western Powers and given them confidence. This led to aggressive expansion called The New Imperialism. 1870-1914 was the most active time of the Imperialistic activity. Who are the Western Powers? Britain, Spain, Germany, Italy, America, Russia, France, etc

A strong nation takes over a weak nation Imperialism Domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region OR A strong nation takes over a weak nation

Motives Three main causes: -Economic -Political/ Military -Humanitarian

Economic Booming industry needed natural resources and raw materials for manufactured goods. Materials such as Rubber, Petroleum, cotton and cocoa were needed in vast quantities. The new factories could produce large quantities of goods. The Europeans needed new markets to sell their goods.

Political/Military As new markets opened around the world, steam ships were relied on to quickly transport goods. However, the new steam powered ships needed safe ports to get more coal and supplies. Both merchant and military ships would access these safe harbors.

Humanitarianism Some felt it was a duty to spread the blessings of Western Civilization such as medicine, law, and Christianity. “Take up the White Man’s Burden Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild Your new-caught, sullen peoples Half-devil and half-child.” -Rudyard Kipling How do you think the natives felt about this perception as outlined in “The White Man’s Burden”?

Social Darwinism The social view applied to Charles Darwin’s theory of Survival of the Fittest. It states that the strongest nations will survive while others perish. To Social Darwinists, expansion was simply nature’s way of improving the human species, with Europeans being superior. **These ideas have promoted Racism**

Why did Imperialism work? Two parts: Old civilizations were declining including the largest empires: The Ottomans in the Middle East Mughals in India Qing in China West African nations 2) Western Civilizations had industrialized and had a) Strong economies with well organized governments b) Medical knowledge to survive tropical diseases c) superior gun power, such as the Maxim machine gun

Imperial Control There were 3 types of imperial control 1) Colonies 2) Protectorates 3) Spheres of influence

Colonies Colonies were run by governors sent by the host country to control the region directly Colonies were costly and often required a large occupying force to ensure absolute control over the region. Think of the US colonies owned by Britain in the 16th and 17th centuries. These colonies were often occupied by British troops to maintain order and Enforce taxes.

Protectorates Local rulers are left in power but they had to accept the “advice” of the European Advisors on issues such as taxes, trade and foreign relations. Protectorates are less costly because they only require a minimal military commitment, unless there is a crisis or revolt.

Spheres of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment and trading privileges. The goal is to prevent conflict with other western powers. The Americans claimed a Sphere of Influence over all of Latin America What is Latin America?

British Imperialism Some nations were VERY good at imperialism. Britain is an example. Their imperialistic achievements included areas around the world prompting the phrase: The Sun never sets on the British Empire

Review The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that 1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples

Review In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies. Which term refers to the situation described in this statement? 1. Socialism 2. Isolationism 3. Imperialism 4. monotheism

Review Throughout the 1800’s, an increased need for both raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods led various European nations to pursue policies of Imperialism Socialism Isolationism communism

Review Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. --Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden” The phrase “White Man’s burden” in this excerpt refers to the 1. Negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world 2. Advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin America 3. Positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia 4. Challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans

African Imperialism

Africa Before Imperialism Africa was a very diverse land with hundreds of languages and cultures. Societies ranged from centralized government states, to village communities, to nomadic hunter-gatherer societies. However, Africa was full of natural resources and raw materials, making it an ideal target.

The Dark Land Most of Africa was unknown to the Europeans in the 1800’s. They had just explored the outer edges through the ports where they traded goods for slaves. Europeans prior to the 1800s could not survive the tropical disease rampant in Africa. As European nations began to outlaw slavery, the slave trade died down. This prompted Europeans to begin exploring the interior lands of Africa.

North Africa Fertile lands of the Mediterranean region, and the Sahara desert. Various tribes controlled the region East Africa Eastern Coast and Red Sea allowed successful trading empire based on selling African Slaves West Africa Grassy plains and forests. Predominately a Muslim area loosely ruled by the Asante kingdom South Africa Southern Tip including the Cape of Good Hope. Controlled by the Zulus and Boers

Sierra Leone, 1787 One of the first colonies in Africa was set up by the British. However, it was not meant as a imperial location for the British. Instead, it was a destination for freed slaves from Europe and the Americas. What do you notice about its location? It is on the coast. Set up prior to the 1800’s before European exploration.

Exploring Africa Explorers began by following the majors African rivers: Nile, Congo, and Niger

Livingston and Stanley Dr. David Livingstone explored Africa for 30 years, writing about the people and cultures he saw. He promoted the end of slavery and hoped to see the interior of Africa opened to the world trade system. In 1871, after many years of silence from Livingston, Henry Stanley went in search of the explorer. Upon finding him he greeted him with “Dr. Livingston, I presume?”

African Scramble Prior to the scramble there was limited European influence in Africa. This all changed in 1884

Berlin Conference 1884 The Europeans powers meet to discuss the division of Africa. No Africans were invited. At the conference they decide: - a European power cannot claim a part of Africa unless they have set up a government office. This conference starts the rush for Africa. European nations send officials to begin exerting control and maintaining a presence in certain areas.

The Scramble In 20 years, most of Africa was under imperial control. The exceptions: Ethiopia and Liberia The English and French controlled a majority of Africa 3:25-6:34

Africans fight back Some African nations fought back, but were mostly unsuccessful. Only Ethiopia and Liberia successfully remained independent. Ethiopia is an ancient Christian Kingdom. King Menelik II reformed the nation in the 1800s, building roads, bridges, and purchasing weapons from Europe. When Italy invaded in 1896 Ethiopia was ready and fought them off.

The Boer War 1899-1902 The English acquired Cape Colony from the Dutch. The original Dutch settlers, the Boers, resented British rule and moved north of the colony. In the new settlements they found Gold. The British and the Boers both laid claim to the gold, sparking a war between the two. The British won and united the Boer republic and Cape Colony into the Union of South Africa with a new constitution. This new constitution set up Apartheid- a system of strict racial segregation.

Suez Canal After Muhammad Ali reformed Egypt and entered the World Trade market, French entrepreneur Cecil John Rhodes, built the Suez Canal. The canal links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It opened in 1869 The British soon extended its control over Egypt to control the canal. What is the importance of the canal?

Review Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800’s? 1. new nations were based on old tribal boundaries 2. the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded 3. the continent was divided equally among the colonial powers 4. African unity was encouraged

Review After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were 1. in need of land for their surplus populations 2. competing for raw materials and markets 3. determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world 4. interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world

Review The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that 1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples

Review In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies. Which term refers to the situation described in this statement? 1. socialism 2. isolationism 3. imperialism 4. monotheism

Review During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased contact between Europe and the continents of Africa, Asia, and South America resulted in 1. closer cultural cooperation between Europe and these continents 2. the exploitation of the labor and resources of these continents 3. a return to the political and economic systems of feudal Europe 4. preservation of the rights of the indigenous peoples

Get out your maps Label the following: -South Africa -Suez Canal -Red Sea -Sahara -Mediterranean sea

Review During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies primarily to 1. provide jobs for the colonists 2. obtain raw materials needed for industrialization 3. impress the colonists with their technological knowledge 4. help missionaries spread Christianity

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