Christian Brothers High School Department of Chemistry Organic Chemistry II

Organic Reactions Much slower than inorganic reactions Organic compounds can be toxic, but effects are usually cumulative, i.,e., there must be long-term exposure Substitution Addition Formation of radicals and functional groups

Organic Chemistry Substitution Reactions I Knock off one or more hydrogens Substitute another radical or an oxygen, halogen, sulfur, etc Methane subst. 1 Cl for H= Chloromethane Subst. One more Cl for H= dichloromethane or methylene chloride Subst. One more Cl for H= trichloromethane or chloroform Subst. One more Cl for H= tetrachloromethane or carbon tetrachloride

Organic Chemistry Formation of Free Radicals Whenever a hydrogen atom is knocked off Formation of a free radical Always uses the –yl suffix to indicate the radical Functional group radicals also use the –yl suffix In generic formulae use RROH means any alcohol Bonds with other molecules and radicals to form new compounds Examplesmethyl- CH 3 ethyl- C 2 H 5 propyl- C 3 H 7 butyl- C 4 H 9

Organic Chemistry Functional Groups Way of organizing different classes of compounds Identify by structure -OHhydroxyl group Alcohols -OOHcarboxyl group Organic Acids

Organic Chemistry Alcohols Generic formula ROH Characterized by the hydroxyl group -OH Industrial solvent, cleaner, intermediary in reactions, beverages, miscible in water Properties of alcohols are determined by where the hydroxyl groups attached Primary alcohol- hydroxyl group on the end Secondary alcohol- hydroxyl group attached to a carbon which is attached to one hydrogen Tertiary alcohols- hydroxyl group attached to a carbon which is in the middle of the chain

Organic Chemistry Organic Acids Also known as carboxylic acids Characterized by the carboxyl group –OOH ExamplesAcetic AcidCH 3 COOH A 3% aqueous solution of acetic acid is vinegar Butyric acid4 carbons is produced by the spoiling of milk Longer chain acids (primarily C 18 with one or more double bonds are called polyunsaturated fatty acids)

Organic Chemistry Organic Bases Organic bases are known as amines Primary amines have radicals substituted for the hydrogens on the ammonia molecule Methylamine1 methyl group Dimethylamine 2 methyl groups Triethylamine 3 ethyl groups Other amines have the nitro group (NH 2 ) substituted on other radicals

Organic Chemistry Other Functional Groups Aldehydes and Ketones both contain the carbonyl group -C=O Aldehydes have the group attached to a hydrogen at the end of a chain H-C=O Ketones have the group attached to two carbons (See board) EthersR-O-R Diethyl etheronce used as a surgical anesthetic

Organic Chemistry Sugars/Carbohydrates Energy source in animal metabolism Always end in –ose Simple sugars Fructose Glucose Sucrose Lactose Complex Carbohydrates Increasing stacking of rings Long stacks of rings Cellulose (plant fiber) Wood

Organic Chemistry Proteins Enzymes Structural Building Blocks Amino Acids Peptide backbone Biomacromolecules (DNA)

Organic Chemistry Plastics (polymers) Built from simple compounds (monomers) Ethylene + initiator = polyethylene Propylene + initiator = polypropylene Butylene + initiator = polybutylene Styrene+ initiator = polystyrene Vinyl chloride + initiator = polyvinyl chloride