1. Chemistry
Functional Groups

2. Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds
Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules
With a total of 6 electrons, a carbon atom has 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second shell
Carbon usually completes its valence shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds
This tetravalence by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible

3. Carbon Chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules
the skeletons may vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings
the carbon skeletons may also include double bonds

5. Isomers
Structural isomers
Geometric isomers
Enantiomers

6. Structural Isomers Variation in covalent partners
Pentane has a straight skeleton and isopentane has a branched skeleton
Same molecular formula C5H12

7. Geometric Isomers Variation in arrangement about a double bond
Example: rhodopsin (in the retina) from one geometric isomer to another

8. Enantiomers Variation in spatial arrangement, mirror images
enantiomers are possible if there are four different atoms or groups of atoms bonded to a carbon
they are like left-handed and right-handed versions
usually one is biologically active, the other inactive

9. Functional Group A specific configuration of atoms commonly
attached to the carbon skeletons of organic
molecules and usually involved in chemical
reactions

10. Hydroxyl -OH
Carbonyl CO
Carboxyl -COOH
Amino -NH2
Sulfhydryl -SH
Phosphate -PO4-2 (-OPO3-2)
Methyl -CH3

11. 1.Hydroxyl Group (-OH)
a hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent bond with an oxygen which
forms a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton
Organic compounds with hydroxyl groups are alcohols and their names
typically end in –ol
example ethanol

12. 2.Carbonyl Group ( CO)
consists of an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond
ketone - if not at the end
example: acetone
aldehyde -if the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton
example: propanal

13. 3.Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
carbon atom with a double bond with an oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydroxyl group.
carboxylic acids – compounds with carboxyl groups
Acidic properties - because the
combined electro negativities of
the two adjacent oxygen atoms
increase the dissociation of
hydrogen as an ion (H+)
Example: acetic acid (vinegar)

14. 4. Amino Group (-NH2) Nitrogen atom attached to two
hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton.
Amines - Organic compounds with amino groups.
Basic properties - because ammonia can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution
Example: amino acids

15. 5. Sulfhydryl Group (-SH)
sulfur atom bonded to a
hydrogen atom and to the
backbone
thiols - organic molecules
with sulfhydryl
Sulfhydryl groups help stabilize
the structure of proteins
Example: amino acid Cysteine

16. 6. Phosphate Group (-OPO3-2)
Phosphorus bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds and one with a double bond).
Phosphate groups are anions with two negative charges as two protons have dissociated from the oxygen atoms.
One function of phosphate groups is to transfer energy between organic molecules.
Example ATP

17. 7. Methyl Group (-CH3)
Carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a or a different atom.
Addition of methyl to molecule
changes its shape and function
Example: 5-Methyl cytidine

18. Activity Identify the functional groups

19. C - N H H
Methylamine H H H H H O
Alanine
N - C - C OH H
CH3

20. Activity Identify the functional groups

21. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
The End