1. CHAPTER 17
Organic Chemistry
17.2 Functional Groups

2. We can perform different activities depending on what is attached to our feet

3. Hydrocarbons have different properties depending the functional groups attached to them

4. Functional groups
Common functional groups

5. Alcohols
R OH
Hydroxyl group
Alcohol can be used as a disinfectant because it breaks lipids apart and precipitates proteins
Small alcohol molecules are liquids due to hydrogen bonding, but they vaporize easily

6. Ethers
Early use of diethyl either as an anesthetic
R O R
Ethers are volatile because intermolecular attractions are weak

7. Aldehydes O R C H The C O group is also called the carbonyl group
A wide variety of familiar smells and flavors come from aldehydes

8. Ketones
R C R’ O
Ketones are also responsible for many familiar smells and flavors
R and R’ can be the same, but do not have to be
Acetone is also used as a cleaning agent in the lab and in industry because it mixes well with water and dissolves organic substances.
Acetone

9. Aldehydes and ketones R C H O R C R’ O
Glucose
R and R’ can be the same, but do not have to be
Fructose

10. Aldehydes and ketones
Glucose
6-membered ring
Fructose
5-membered ring

11. Aldehydes and ketones di-saccharide
Carbohydrates (or saccharides) are the primary source of energy for most animals
di-saccharide
“two” “sugars”
Sucrose (table sugar): a disaccharide containing 1 glucose molecule and 1 fructose molecule
Starch (in pasta, potatoes): a polysaccharide that uses glucose molecules as a monomer
glucose
fructose

12. Common functional groups
R C H O
R C R’ O
R OH
R O R
Alcohol
Ether
Aldehyde
Ketone
R and R’ can be the same, but do not have to be

13. Carboxylic acids
R C OH O
Carboxylic acids are weak acids in aqueous solutions
Vinegar and citrus fruits contain acetic acid
Red ants use formic acid as a chemical weapon

14. Carboxylic acids
R C OH O
Carboxylic acids are weak acids in aqueous solutions
R COOH(aq) + H2O(l) R COO–(aq) + H3O+(aq)

15. Amines Amines are organic molecules that contain an amino (NH2) group.
R NH2
Chlorpheniramine
(allergy medication)
Alanine is one of the amino acids that make up all the proteins in our bodies

16. Amines Amines are weak bases in aqueous solutions R NH2
R NH2(aq) + H2O(l) R NH3+(aq) + OH–(aq)

17. Esters
Esters are very common in nature. They are often responsible for the fragrances of flowers and ripened fruit.
R C OR’ O
The smell of lavender comes from a molecule that contains an ester functional group

18. Esters
R C OR’ O
Isobutylacetate
Manufacturers often add specific esters to give a better flavor to their foods and drinks.
A mixture can smell like strawberries without using actual strawberries!

19. Esters
R C OR’ O
Esters cannot participate in hydrogen bonding, and they vaporize easily
Polyesters are polymers that contain the ester group on the hydrocarbon chain.
Polyester clothing made with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber is popular because it does not wrinkle easily

20. Common functional groups
R C H O
R C R’ O
R OH
R O R
Alcohol
Ether
Aldehyde
Ketone
R C OH O
R C OR’ O
R NH2
Carboxylic acid
Amine
Ester