1. Chapter 9
Carbon Chemistry

2. I. Simple Organic Compounds
A. Organic Compounds
All living things on Earth are made of carbon-containing compounds
Carbon can from four covalent bonds because it has four valence electrons
Carbon frequently combines with hydrogen atoms

3. B. Hydrocarbons
A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen
Examples:
- Methane (natural gas, CH4)
- Ethane (C2H6)

4. C. Saturated Hydrocarbons
Carbon and hydrogen atoms are joined by single covalent bonds
No additional hydrogens can be added to the molecule
The carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms

5. Short hydrocarbon chains have low boiling points
- Make good fuels
Longer hydrocarbon chains are found in oils
Saturated hydrocarbons are named with an -ane ending
Compounds are known as alkanes

6. D. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Some carbon and hydrogens in a chain are bound by double and triple bonds
Carbon atoms are not saturated with hydrogens
Hydrocarbons with at least one double bond are named with an –ene ending
These compounds are called alkenes

7. E. Triple Bonds
Three pairs of electrons are bonded together
Compounds are called alkynes
Named with an –yne ending

8. F. Hydrocarbon Isomers
Atoms in an organic molecule can have different arrangements but still have the same molecular formula
- Known as isomers

9. These compounds have different chemical and physical properties because of their different structures
As the size of a hydrocarbon molecule increases, the number of possible isomers also increases

10. G. Hydrocarbons in Rings
Some hydrocarbons can bond in a ring form
The prefix cyclo- tells you the molecules are cyclic
Can contain one or more double bonds
Examples: sucrose, glucose, and fructose

11. II. Other Organic Compounds
A. Substituted Hydrocarbons
One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by other atoms or groups of atoms
Result in compounds with different chemical properties

12. B. Alcohols
A hydroxyl group (-OH) can be added to a hydrocarbon
Forms an alcohol

13. C. Carboxylic Acid
A carboxyl group consists of a carbon atom with a double bond with one oxygen and a single bond with a hydroxyl (-OH) group
- it’s formula is -COOH
A carboxyl group when substituting a hydrogen, forms a carboxylic acid

14. D. Amines
An amino group is a nitrogen joined to two hydrogens
- Its formula is –NH2
Apart of may biological compounds that are essential for life
When an amino group bonds with one more hydrogen, the result is ammonia, NH3

15. E. Amino Acids
Forms when an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) replaces hydrogens on the same carbon

16. F. The Building Block of Protein
Amino acids build proteins
Twenty different amino acids bond in different combinations to form a variety of proteins
Most amino acids are nonessential because they are made within the human body
Nine amino acids are essential, meaning they need to be consumed by eating protein-rich foods

17. III. Biological Compounds
A. Polymers
A molecule made up of many small organic molecules linked together with covalent bonds to form a long chain
Small organic molecules that are linked together are called monomers
Bound together in a chemical reaction called polymerization

18. Synthetic polymers can be made in the laboratory
- plastics, synthetic fibers, nonstick surface cookware

19. B. Proteins
Proteins are natural polymers made in your body
Proteins in the form of enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Some proteins make up structural materials
- ligaments, tendons, muscles, cartilage, hair, and fingernails
The protein, hemoglobin, carries oxygen through blood

20. C. Carbohydrates
An organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- Usually in a ratio 1C:2H:1O
Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars that the body can use for energy

21. 1. Sugars
Contain five, six, or seven carbon atoms arranged in a ring
Glucose is found in many naturally sweet foods
Fructose is found in sweeteners
Sucrose is in table sugar

22. 2. Starches
Large carbohydrates
i.e. rice, wheat, corn, potatoes
Polymers of glucose
Sources of large amounts of energy

23. 3. Other glucose polymers
Cellulose makes up stiff fibers found in the walls of plant cells
The human digestive system cannot convert cellulose into sugars

24. D. Lipids
Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in different proportions
Commonly called fats and oils

25. 1. Lipids Store Energy
Excess energy in your body are stored by producing lipids
Energy is absorbed in a lipid by an endothermic reaction
Energy is released from a lipid by an exothermic reaction
Large amounts of lipids are stored as fat on your body

26. 2. Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids
When the lipid is saturated with hydrogens, the chains are straight because all the bonds are single bonds
They are able to pack together, forming a solid

27. When a lipid is unsaturated, the molecule bends wherever there is a double bond
They are prevented from packing together and tend to be liquid at room temperature

28. E. Cholesterol
A complex lipid that is present in foods that is not a fat
Needed for making cell membranes