1. Quick Chemistry Review Potential Energy  stored energy Covalent Bonding  sharing e - Nonpolar = equal sharing Polar = unequal sharing Ionic Bonding  charged particles Anions = negative charge Cations = positive charge

2. Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds Important because molecules can come together, bond temporarily and than separate

3. I. POLYMERS  repeating units A. Carbohydrates * Usually in ring form in aqueous solution

4. 1.Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

5. 2. Disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose

6. 3. Polysacharides: starch, chitin, glycogen

7. B. FatsGlycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Saturated = all single bonds

8. Unsaturated = one or more double or triple bonds

9. 1. Phospholipids

10. 2. Steroids: cholesterol

11. C. Proteins Amino group + R’ group + carboxyl group

12. PrimarySecondary Tertiary Quaternary

13. Proteins may be DENATURED by heat pH

14. D. Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

15. II. METABOLISM Catabolic = exergonic Anabolic = endergonic

16. III. ENZYMES Proteins = biological catalysts

17. Enzyme-Substrate Complex Cofactors

18. Enzyme Specificity Induced Fit

19. Competitive Inhibitors Noncompetitive Inhibitors

20. Allosteric Regulation

21. IV. WATER polar and asymmetrical

22. 1. Cohesive cohesion surface tension adhesion 2. Stabilizes Temperature high specific heat acts as a heat sink

23. 3. High Heat of Evaporation evaporative cooling 4. Expands when it freezes contributes to its use in the environment 5. Versatile Solvent due to polarity

24. V. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS A. Isomers Structural

25. Geometric Stereoisomers

26. B. Functional Groups Hydroxyl (-OH)  alcohols Carbonyl (-C=O)  at end = aldehyde  in middle = ketone

27. Carboxyl (-COOH)  carboxylic acid Amino (-NH 2 )  amines

28. Sulfhydryl (-SH)  thiol Phosphate (-PO 4 )  organic phosphate