1. The study of carbon and carbon-containing compounds
Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon and carbon-containing compounds

2. Properties of Organic Compounds
MUST contain CARBON and hydrogen
Generally poor (non) conductors of electricity and heat
Low Melting Point / Low Boiling Point ( but MP/BP increase as the # of C atoms increases)
Hydrocarbons are INSOLUBLE in water
Generally soluble in nonpolar solvents (such as CCl4)
Reactions are generally slow (energy is required to break covalent bonds)

3. The Carbon Atom C atoms form 4 covalent bonds
*Reminder: each covalent bond represents a pair of (2) electrons
C atoms can form single, double, and/or triple covalent bonds with other C atoms and atoms of other elements
Multiple C atoms can form long chains or rings

4. Different Kinds of Formulas
Molecular Formula C2H6
Empirical Formula CH3
Structural Formula (See Board)
Condensed Structural Formula

5. Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons
List of hydrocarbons where each compound has ONE more C atom and 2 more H atoms than the previous
Alkanes: saturated (all C-C bonds are single)
Alkenes: unsaturated (a C-C double bond)
Alkynes: unsaturated (a C-C triple bond)

6. Naming Simple Organic Compounds
Count the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain
Refer to Table P for prefix
Add the appropriate ending based on the bonding
In front of the name, number (if needed) the position of a multiple bond with the SMALLEST number possible
The letter n means “normal” (straight chain)

7. Naming Branched Organic Compounds
Name the longest continuous chain based on the C atoms (must include any multiple bonds)
Use Table P for prefixes of alkyl groups (branches with –yl endings)
In front, number the position of the alkyl group, if needed, with the SMALLEST number possible
Use prefixes (di, tri, tetra) if more than one of the same kind of branch
There is a number for each alkyl group (the number of numbers is the same as the number of branches)

8. Structural Isomers
Two compounds that have the SAME molecular formula, but DIFFERENT structures
Have DIFFERENT chemical and physical properties
Have the SAME empirical formula, molar mass, and percent composition by mass
Larger compounds have more structural isomers
Ask me about cis and trans

9. Organic Functional Groups

10. Organic Functional Groups
Something other than carbon and hydrogen in an organic compound
** Compounds with the same functional group have similar chemical properties
Table R is extremely helpful! Use it to understand the naming system

11. Halides (Halocarbons)
Like a hydrocarbon where one or more group 17 atoms have replaced hydrogen(s)
Start by naming the longest continuous chain (P and Q)
Add the correct prefix
May need di, tri, tetra…

12. Alcohols
Like a hydrocarbon where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with OH groups
Start by naming the longest continuous chain (P and Q)
**Ending: drop the –e and add -ol
May need number to indicate where the OH group is located
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Mono, Di, Tri Hydroxy

13. Ethers Oxygen in the middle of a carbon chain (not at one of the ends)
Name pieces on either side of O as alkyl groups (Use Table P)
End with the word ether

14. Aldehyde
Double bonded oxygen and a hydrogen off of an end of a carbon chain
Carbon chain may be single bonded despite the double bond O
**Ending: drop the –e and add –al
No need for a number

15. Ketone Double-bonded oxygen in the middle of a carbon chain
Name based on C in the chain (Table P)
**Ending: drop the –e and add –one
Number the position of the double bonded O

16. Organic Acid Name based on number of C atoms in chain
-COOH group at the end of a chain (H is donated)
Name based on number of C atoms in chain
**Ending: drop the –e and add –oic acid
No need for a number

17. Esters -COO- group in the middle of a chain (not at an end)
Name based on two pieces
“Backbone” piece contains both O atoms; name based on number of C atoms and change ending to -oate
Other piece name as an alkyl group (with the –yl ending)

18. Amine Two systems of naming 1st: -NH2 group added to a carbon chain
Name based on number of C atoms in chain
Ending: drop the –e and add –amine
Add number for which C atom contains the amine
2nd: If more than one carbon chain comes off of the N
Name the branches as alkyl groups and add the word amine

19. Amide When -CONH2 group at the end of a chain:
Name the carbon chain based on the C atoms
Ending: drop the –e and add –amide

20. Amino Acids One side has an amine group
When –CONH- in the middle of a chain, result of an amide bond
Proteins are polymers of amino acids that link together with amide bonds
Amino Acids
One side has an amine group
The other side has an organic acid group
“R” group could be one of many different functional groups
“R” group differentiates the amino acid

21. Organic Chemistry Reactions Combustion
The complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water
C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2+ 4 H2O
The incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide and water

22. Halogen Substitution 2 reactants and 2 products
The hydrocarbon reactant is saturated
C3H8 + Cl2  C3H7Cl + HCl
A halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom in the compound

23. Halogen Addition 2 reactants and 1 product
The hydrocarbon reactant is unsaturated
C2H4 + Br2  C2H4Br2
Both atoms of the halogen molecule are added to the compound
The multiple bond reduces

24. Fermentation A sugar breaks down into an alcohol (ethanol) and CO2
C6H12O6  2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
Happens in the presence of yeast

25. Esterification
An organic acid and an alcohol combine to form an ester and H2O
Think of Naming Esters
Dehydration Synthesis
** Formation of a triglyceride from glycerol and 3 fatty acids

26. Saponification Making soap from fat (triglyceride) and a base
Glycerol is another product
The OH- breaks apart the ester bonds
* Only organic reaction involving a base
* Recognize the size of the fatty acid chains

27. Addition Polymerization
Polymerization: Monomers linking together to form a long continuous chain
Addition Polymerization
“2 reactants and 1 product”
Lone Product: polymer chain one unit longer
The monomer must be unsaturated

28. Condensation Polymerization
“2 reactants and products”
Many condensation polymerization reactants are dihydroxy alcohols
H and OH are removed
Products: the new polymer one unit longer and water