All of history is a class struggle.

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped making stuff at home and started making stuff in factories!

Vocabulary Rural-Country Urbanization-The movement of people to the cities Capital–money to invest in enterprise (business) Enterprise- a business organization in such area as shipping, mining, railroads or factories Entrepreneur- a person who assumes financial risk in hopes of making a profit

Making Cloth Before Machines Cottage Industry Also called the putting- out system. Slow process. Business involving people who worked at home.

Why Great Britain? Abundant resources Waterpower-to move recourses and products Coal- energy for machines Iron ore -for tools Favorable geography Canals to move goods Good harbors- merchant ships

Why Great Britain? Ready supply of capital– money to invest Stable government-no wars like on the continent Overseas markets, in part because of its colonial empire. Queen Victoria

The Enclosure Movement The government process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers Landowners gained: More land for pastures Larger fields for crops Laborers lost: Forced off their lands Moved to growing cities

Enclosure One thing Led to Another Farmers gained pasture land for animals Raised more sheep Wool output increased. Larger fields Able to cultivate product more efficiently Farm out-put increased Profits rose.

Land Enclosure in England

Push Factors Where did all the people go? Fewer worker needed on the lands Farmers forced off their lands Small owners could not compete Villages shrank Cities grew – and GREW!! Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities

James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny Invented in 1764 Spun many threads at the same time Each machine was capable of doing the work of eight people Spinners were angry about the competition. In 1768, a group of spinners broke into Hargreaves' house and destroyed his machines.

Richard Arkwright “Pioneer of the Factory System” The Water Frame Problem- factories had to be near a water source, sometimes far from raw materials.

James Watt’s Steam Engine Solution- steam new was the new power source Steam engine more practical Led to the need for coal to heat the water to produce steam.

Steam Engine The steam engine drove Britain’s Industrial Revolution it ran on coal. Steam power was used to spin and weave cotton. By 1840 cotton cloth was Britain’s most valuable product-cotton goods were sold all over the world. The need for coal sparked the need for coal miners.

The Impact of the Railroad

Young Coal Miners

Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin Patented in others copied his invention so he did not make any money. Separated the cottonseed from the raw cotton fibers Revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States Led to the demand for more slaves. An original model of an Eli Whitney cotton gin – photo © National Museum of American History - Smithsonian

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Slavery The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.

The Factory System Rigid schedule hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.

The Nature of Work in the Factory System Family-based cottage industries were replaced by the factory system Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high Owners of mines and factories exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

Division of Labor Cooperative labor Specific tasks and roles Intended to increase the productivity Growth of total output and trade increased Complexity of industrialization process

The Industrial Middle Class The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with a working class. The middle class owned and operated the new factories, mines, railroads and other industries. The middle class had a much more comfortable life than the working class The new middle class was called the bourgeoisie.

Women and Children in Factories The employment of women and children was a holdover from the cottage industry system. They were unskilled and were paid half or less than the men.

“Upstairs-Downstairs” Life

Problems of Pollution

Industrial Staffordshire

Henry Bessemer British engineer Developed a new process for making steel from iron Steel was lighter, harder and more durable than iron Steel was more cheaply produced and was a major material for tools, bridges and railroads. Henry Bessemer's steel-converter

Advancements in Science and Medicine Louis Pasteur Discovered bacteria - germ theory 1864 And pasteurization of milk. Edward Jenner Developed smallpox vaccination -1796

Changing Roles for the Family The laws restricting industrial work for women and children led to a new pattern of life. Married men were now expected to support the family, and married women were to take care of the home and perform low-paying jobs in the home, such as taking in laundry, to help the family survive. More schools opened for the working class so children were sent to school

Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution- Reforms Introduction of reforms to end child labor Expansion of education Women’s increased demands for suffrage- the right to vote.

The Rise of Labor Unions Encouraged worker-organized strikes to increase wages and improve working conditions Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children Wanted worker rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

Factory Act of 1883 British Parliament passed a law called the Factory Act of 1883 limited working hours restricted children from working in factories made working conditions safer and cleaner Labor unions were formed that demanded better working conditions or they would strike

Socialism and Communism Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Capital Response to the injustices of capitalism Importance of redistribution of wealth to the communists

Share in World Manufacturing Output:

Industrial Revolution APS Standards Origin in England, because of its natural resources like coal, iron ore, and the invention and improvement of the steam engine Spread to Europe and the United States Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world

Technological advances that produced the Industrial Revolution APS Standards James Hargreaves– Spinning Jenny James Watt—Steam engine Eli Whitney—Cotton gin Henry Bessemer—Process for making steel

Advancements in Science and Medicine APS Standards Edward Jenner—Developed smallpox vaccination Louis Pasteur—Discovered bacteria

Industrial Revolution APS Standards-Key Terms Agricultural Revolution Jethro Tull Charles Townshend capitalism child labor cottage industry division of labor Edward Jenner Eli Whitney enclosure movement entrepreneur factory system free enterprise Henry Bessemer James Hargreaves James Watt Louis Pasteur market competition profit raw materials reform Robert Owens-utilitarianism standard of living urbanization Adam Smith -Wealth of Nations working conditions

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countries APS Standards Population increase Increased standards of living for many, though not all Improved transportation Urbanization Environmental pollution Increased education Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions Growth of the middle class

Capitalism APS Standards Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society

Henry Bessemer During the Crimean War ( ) Bessemer patented a process by which molten pig-iron could be turned directly into steel by blowing air through it in a converter. This cut out the wrought-iron stage and dramatically reduced the cost of producing steel British entrepreneurs were slow to make use of Bessemer's converter but Andrew Carnegie saw it on a trip to England and made a fortune using this method to produce steel in the United States.