Plant Characteristics Plant Characteristics 1.Range in size 2.Most have roots or rootlike structures 3.Are adapted to live in any environment 4.All plants need water

Origin of Plants Origin of Plants Scientists believe that plants & green algae have a common ancestor because they both have the same type of carotenoids &Scientists believe that plants & green algae have a common ancestor because they both have the same type of carotenoids & chlorophyll in their cells. chlorophyll in their cells. Green algae are one celled or many celled organisms that use photosynthesis to make their own food.Green algae are one celled or many celled organisms that use photosynthesis to make their own food. Carotenoids are red, yellow or orange pigments that are also used for photosynthesis (why carrots are orange)Carotenoids are red, yellow or orange pigments that are also used for photosynthesis (why carrots are orange) Photosynthesis is the ability of a plant, algae or bacteria to make their own food.Photosynthesis is the ability of a plant, algae or bacteria to make their own food.

Adaptations to Land Adaptations to Land 1.Many plants have cuticles on their leaves, stems & flowers *this is a waxy, protective layer secreted by cells onto the surface of the plant that slows water loss *this is a waxy, protective layer secreted by cells onto the surface of the plant that slows water loss 2.Cells walls contain cellulose that vie the plant structure & support *this is a chemical compound that plants can make out of sugar *this is a chemical compound that plants can make out of sugar 3.Cells of some plants secrete other substances into the cellulose to make the cell wall stronger 4.Plant reproduction *some plants have water resistant spores & others produce water resistant seeds in cones or flowers that develop into fruit *some plants have water resistant spores & others produce water resistant seeds in cones or flowers that develop into fruit sunflower seeds spores cuticle

Plant Classification Plant Classification 1.Plants are divided into 2 main groups: vascular and nonvascular. 2.Vascular plants have tubelike structures that carry water, nutrients & other substances through the plant. 3.Nonvascular plants do not have the tubelike structures & use other ways to move water & substances through the plant.

Seedless Plants Seedless Plants  :  Seedless Nonvascular Plants: * nonvascular plants are not very tall & have stalks & green, leaflike growths * have rhizoids instead of roots that anchor them where they grow * most grow in damp places (water is absorbed & distributed through the cell membrane & cell wall) * they do not have flowers or cones to produce seeds *they reproduce by spores

Types of Seedless Nonvascular Plants Types of Seedless Nonvascular Plants 1.Mosses *most are classified as mosses *most are classified as mosses *grow on tree trunks, on rocks or the *grow on tree trunks, on rocks or the ground ground *found in damp areas & some in *found in damp areas & some in deserts deserts

Types of Seedless Nonvascular Plants cont. Types of Seedless Nonvascular Plants cont.  2. Liverworts  3. Hornworts Liverworts Hornworts

Seedless Vascular Plants  *reproduce by spores  *vascular tissue distributes nutrients, food & water to the cells throughout the plant  *this tissue is made up of long, tubelike cells

Types of Seedless Vascular Plants Types of Seedless Vascular Plants  1. Ferns *the largest group *have stems, leaves and have roots

Seedless Vascular Cont.  2. Club Mosses *have needlelike leaves *have needlelike leaves 3. Horsetails Club moss Horsetail

Seed Plants Seed Plants  Characteristics of Seed Plants:  1. most have leaves  2. have stems  3. have roots  4. have vascular tissue

Leaves Leaves  1. the organ of the plant where photosynthesis takes place  2. leaves come in many shapes, sizes & colors  3. a leaf is made up of many layers of cells  4. The epidermis is a thin layer located on the upper & lower surface of a leaf  *it covers and protects the leaf  5. The stomata are small openings in the epidermis  *they allow carbon dioxide, water & oxygen to enter and leave the cell

Leaves Leaves  6. Each stoma is surrounded by a guard cell that opens & closes it.  7. The palisade layer is under the upper epidermis  *long, narrow cells that contain chloroplast  *most of the food is produced here  8. The spongy layer is located below the palisade layer  *vascular tissue is located here

Leaves Leaves gingko Japanese maple Beech tree

Layers of a leaf Layers of a leaf

Stems Stems  1. usually located above ground & support the branches, leaves & flowers  2. materials move between leaves & roots through vascular tissue in the stem  3. can either be herbaceous or woody  *herbaceous stems are usually soft & green (ex. Tulip)  *woody stems are hard & rigid (trees and shrubs) Herbaceous stem Woody stem

Roots Roots  1. water & other substances enter a plant through the roots  2. contain vascular tissue that moves water & other substances from the soil through the stems to the leaves  3. act as anchors to prevent plants from blowing away or being washed away  4. can store food  5. can absorb oxygen used in respiration  6. can be located above ground or underground

Roots Roots Canary tree roots Eastern Gamagrass plant

Vascular Tissue Vascular Tissue  *There are 3 types of vascular tissue:  1. xylem tissue is hollow, tubular cells called vessels that transport water and other dissolved substances from roots to other parts of the seed plant  2. Phloem tissue is made of tubular cells called tubes that carry food to other parts of the plant  3. Cambium is a tissue that makes more xylem & phloem cells as the plant grows

Vascular Tissue Vascular Tissue 

Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Gymnosperms & Angiosperms  *Seed plants are classified into 2 main groups: gymnosperms & angiosperms  gymnosperm Angiosperm (monkey flower)

Gymnosperms Gymnosperms  1. They are vascular plants that produce seeds that are not protected by fruit & they do not have flowers (ex. Gingko & pine tree)  *many are called evergreens because some green leaves never fall off  *their leaves are needlelike or scalelike

Gymnosperms Gymnosperms gingko Pine tree Pine tree leaf (needlelike)

Gymnosperms Gymnosperms  2. Conifer is a type of gymnosperm that  produces 2 kinds of cones, a male  and female (ex. Redwood tree)  *the cone is the reproductive structure of the conifer (seeds develop inside the cone)  *conifers have needlelike leaves  *stay green all year & don’t lose all their leaves

Conifers Conifers Arborvitae California Redwood

Angiosperms Angiosperms  *also known as flowering plants  1. a vascular plant that produces flowers  & has a fruit that contains one or more seeds (ex. Peach)  2. flowers of angiosperms vary in size, shape and color  3. some flower parts develop into fruit  *most fruits contain seeds (ex. Apple)  or have them on their surface  (ex. strawberries

Deciduous Trees Deciduous Trees  4. A deciduous tree has broad, flat leaves and loses them each year (ex. Oak tree) British Bonsai Oak tree

Angiosperms Angiosperms  5. Angiosperms are divided into 2 groups: monocots & dicots  *Monocots have one cotyledon (part of the seed where food is stored)  **Examples: bananas & orchids  *Dicots have 2 cotyledons  **Examples: green beans & apples

Angiosperms Angiosperms  6. Lifecycle of Angiosperms:  *Annuals complete their life cycle in  one year. Seeds have to be  re-planted each year. (ex. Petunias)  *Biennials complete their life cycle in  2 years. They produce flowers &  seeds the second year.  *Perennials take more than 2 years to grow  to maturity, but they produce flowers &  fruit year after year (ex. Peonies)

Angiosperms Angiosperms parsley peonies petunias