2. - An Overview of Plants Characteristics: Range in size Have roots
Microscopic water ferns to giant sequoia
trees
Have roots
Have cell walls
All plants need water
Some plants cannot live unless they are submerged in freshwater or saltwater.
Not all plants live only on land
All plants are many-celled, and
most contain green pigment called
chlorophyll.

3. You notice green scum floating on the surface of a pond
You notice green scum floating on the surface of a pond. How can you tell whether these organisms are plants?
Answer?
Examine them under the microscope. If they are many-celled and have chloroplasts, cell walls, and nuclei, they are plants!

4. Scientists think that plants evolved directly from green algae.
1st plants on land could only survive in
damp areas.
Oldest fossil plants are about 420 million yrs old.
Pine trees existed 350 million yrs ago
Flowering plants did not exist until 120 million yrs ago.
Their exact origin is unknown

5. Adaptations to Land Plants that live on land need
adaptations to help them conserve water.
Cuticle- waxy, protective layer on leaves of plants
Slows the loss of water
Cellulose- an organic compound found in plant cell walls
Found in cell walls to provide structure and support
Chemical compound that forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of plants.

6. Classification of Plants
Vascular or Nonvascular??
Vascular Plants
Plants that have tube-like structures for transporting substances.
Have vessels to transport water and nutrients
Why would vascular tissue be an advantage to plants adapting to life on land?
Answer:
Vascular tissue carries water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant so it can exist away from water
Nonvascular Plants
Do not have these tube-like structures and use other ways to move water and substances. Contain spores, rhizoids, and cell walls.

7. Each cell absorbs water and nutrients on its own.
Examples of Vascular Plants
Fern
Horsetail
Pine Tree
Examples of Nonvascular Plants
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
Algae
How do the cells of nonvascular plants get water and nutrients if they do not have vessels?
Answer:
Each cell absorbs water and nutrients on its own.

8. Seedless Nonvascular Plants
Mosses- a seedless, rootless plant with
leaf-like growths.
Grow on tree trunks and rocks or
the ground
Found in damp areas, some live in deserts
Liverworts- means “herb for liver”
9th century thought to be useful in
treating liver diseases.
Rootless with flattened bodies
Hornworts- flattened body
Spore-producing structure
looks like horns of cattle

9. Nonvascular Plants + Environment
Mosses and liverworts can grow in soils where other plants can not grow.
Spores of mosses and liverworts are
carried by the wind.
Pioneer species
The first to grow in a new or disturbed areas.
Mosses and liverworts that are among the first plants to inhabit a new environment are called pioneer species.
Liverworts and mosses are the first
plants to grow in new environments.

10. Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, ground pines, spike mosses, and horsetails.
Ferns are the most abundant of the seedless vascular plants.
Have vascular tissue
Have stems, leaves, and roots
Produce spores
Club Mosses
Needle-like leaves
Horsetails
Stem is jointed and has a hollow center surrounded by a ring of vascular tissue

11. Importance of Seedless Plants
As plant materials die and build up they are compacted and compressed and eventually turn into coal.
Ancient seedless plants compacted and eventually turned into the coal we use today.
Similar process today, takes place in bogs
Bogs- poorly drained areas with spongy, wet ground that is comprised mainly
of dead and decaying plants
Peat- remains of sphagnum moss
Peat is actually the earliest stage
of coal.

12. Seed Plants Have leaves, stems, roots and vascular tissue
2 major classifications of seed plants
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
Leaves
Upper and lower surface is epidermis
Organs of the plant where the food-making process occurs (photosynthesis)
Major function- make food
Stomata- small pores on leaf surface allowing carbon dioxide in
Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells that open and close it

13. Stems Roots Palisade layer
Just below the upper epidermis
Closely packed cells under the epidermis of leaves contains chloroplasts.
Spongy layer- loosely arranged cell layer in the leaf
Stems
Moving materials between leaves and roots
Stores food and water
Supporting the plant
Roots
Anchor the plant
Absorb water
Store food

14. Vascular tissue
Xylem- vessels that transport substances from the roots to other parts of the plant
Phloem- vessels that move food from leaves to other plant parts
Cambium- tissue that produces new xylem and phloem cells

15. Gymnosperms
Vascular plants that produce seeds that are not protected by fruit
“naked seed”
DO NOT have flowers
Ex. Ginkgoes, conifers, cycads
All conifers produce male and female cones
Reproductive structure
The oldest trees alive are
gymnosperms

16. Angiosperm
Vascular plant that flowers and produces fruits with one or more seeds.
Have a wide variety of flowers and fruits
The most common type of plants on Earth

17. Monocots “mono” – “one” Have one cotyledon inside their seeds
Ex. Corn, rice, wheat, and barley
Have flower parts in multiples of three
Leaves more narrow than long
Vascular bundles are parallel veins in leaves

18. Dicots Di means “two” Has two cotyledons inside their seeds
Flower parts in multiples of four or five
Ex. Peanuts, green beans, apples, and oranges.
Vascular bundles are the network of veins in leaves

19. Quiz
Label the following plants as dicot or monocot 3. 1. 4. 2.

20. Quiz
Label each plant as vascular or nonvascular. 1. 3. 2. 4.