APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 Cranium 8 Skull Face 14 Skull and associated bones 29 Auditory ossicles 6 Associated bones Hyoid 1 Sternum 1 Thoracic cage 25 Ribs 24 Vertebrae 24 Vertebral column 26 Sacrum 1 Coccyx 1 Skeletal system, axial components highlighted

Bones of the Face Figure 7.2a

Lateral Aspect of the Skull Figure 7.3a

The Skull – Posterior View Figure 7.2b

Inferior Aspect of the Skull Figure 7.4a

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Frontal bone Nasal bones Lacrimal bones Zygomatic bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Maxilla

Parietal bone Frontal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone

Parietal bones Occipital bone

Maxilla Palatine bones Zygomatic bone Vomer Sphenoid Temporal bone Occipital bone

Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Occipital bone

Name these bones

Parietal bone Frontal bone Cranial bones Parietal bone Facial bones Temporal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid Occipital bone SKULL Cranial bones Lacrimal bone Nasal bone ASSOCIATED BONES 7 CRANIUM 8 FACE 14 Occipital bone 1 Maxillae 2 Parietal bones 2 Palatine bones 2 Vomer Zygomatic bone Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 18) Hyoid bone 1 Frontal bone 1 Nasal bones 2 6 6 Temporal bones 2 Inferior nasal conchae Maxilla 2 Sphenoid 1 Zygomatic bones 2 Ethmoid 1 Lacrimal bones 2 Vomer 1 Mandible Mandible 1 Facial bones

Sagittal suture Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Styloid process Occipital condyle Mandible Posterior view

Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Nasal bones Superior view

Styloid process Zygomatic process of temporal bone Zygomatic arch Coronal suture Sphenoid Supraorbital foramen (frontal bone) Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous suture Nasal bone Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid Occipital bone Infraorbital Foramen (maxilla) External acoustic (auditory) meatus (temporal bone) Maxilla Styloid process (temporal bone) Mandible Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Zygomatic arch Temporal process of zygomatic bone Lateral view Mental foramen (mandible)

Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Parietal bone Coronal suture Supraorbital foramen (frontal bone) Sphenoid Frontal bone Optic canal/foramen (sphenoid bone) Temporal bone Superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone) Ethmoid Palatine bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Infraorbital foramen (maxilla) Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha (ethmoid bone) Nasal bone Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Mental foramen (mandible) Vomer Vomer Mandible Anterior view

Frontal bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Vomer Palatine bone Sphenoid Foramen ovale (sphenoid bone) Zygomatic process of the temporal bone Styloid process (temporal bone) Foramen lacerum (Temporal bone) Mandibular fossa (temporal bone) Carotid canal External auditory (acoustic) meatus (temporal bone) Temporal bone Jugular foramen Lambdoid suture Occipital condyle (occipital bone) Occipital bone Foramen magnum Inferior view, mandible removed

Crista galli Frontal bone Cribriform plate Ethmoid Sella turcica (ethmoid bone) Frontal bone Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone) Ethmoid Sella turcica (spehnoid bone) Foramen rotundum (spehnoid bone) Sphenoid Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale (sphenoid bone) Temporal bone Carotid canal (temporal bone) Foramen spinosum (sphenoid bone) Foramen magnum Internal acoustic meatus (temporal bone) Parietal bone Jugular foramen Occipital bone

* Holds the pituitary gland in the fossa Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid Parietal bone Sphenoidal sinus Squamous suture Frontal sinus Temporal bone Crista galli (ethmoid bone) Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Hypophyseal fossa* of sella turcica (sphenoid bone) Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Internal acoustic (auditory) meatus (temporal b one) Vomer Maxilla Occipital bone Mandible Palatine bone Styloid process (temporal bone) * Holds the pituitary gland in the fossa

SPHENOID BONE: Anterior Lesser wings Optic foramen Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosom Greater wings

Superior orbital fissure SPHENOID BONE: Anterior and tilted Superior orbital fissure

Sphenoid bone Optic foramen (canal) Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Optic (chiasmatic) groove Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Sella turcica Foramen spinosum Superior surface

Sphenoid bone Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Lesser wing Sphenoidal sinus Orbital surface of greater wing Foramen rotundum Anterior surface

ETHMOID BONE Crista gali Cribiform plate Olfactory foramina Ethmoid sinuses

Ethmoid Bone Crista gali

Ethmoid Bone Perpendicular plate Middle nasal conchae

Cribriform plate (contain olfactory foramina) Ethmoid bone Crista galli Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Anterior view

Maxilla removed so you can see ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Tilted upward to see hole where crista galli goes Ethmod with yellow vomer Ethmod removed so you can see sphenoid bone

Ethmod with yellow vomer, side view Ethmod with white perpendicular plate meeting yellow vomer

Palatine bones are in brown Inferior nasal concha are separate bones

Lacrimal bones are yellow Palatine bones are in brown, inferior nasal conchae are pink, lacrimal bones are yellow. Nasal bones can be seen at the top. Everything in blue is the maxilla. Lacrimal bones are yellow

Skull, sagittal section Optic groove Crista galli (Ethmoid bone) Frontal sinus Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) Jugular foramen Sphenoidal sinus Internal acoustic meatus (Temporal bone) Sella turcica (sphenoid) Skull, sagittal section

Mandible Head Teeth (molar) Mandibular foramen Body Ramus Mental foramen Lateral view

Mandible and hyoid bones Styloid process (temporal bone) Greater horn Mandible Lesser horn Hyoid Greater horn Lesser horn Thyroid cartilage Body Anterior view Hyoid bone, anterosuperior view

Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoidal fontanel Squamous suture Nasal bone Lambdoid suture Greater wing of sphenoid Occipital bone Parietal bone Maxilla Mandible Temporal bone Mastoid fontanel Frontal bone Lambdoid suture Lateral view Coronal suture Frontal suture Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture Occipital bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Sagittal suture Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Superior view Anterior fontanel Coronal suture Frontal suture Sagittal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Frontal suture Posterior fontanel Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Anterior/superior view Posterior view

Fontanels Figure 7.21a

Fontanels Figure 7.21b

Fetal Skull Posterior fontanel Anterior fontanel

Fetal Skull Sphenoid fontanel Mastoid fontanel

Ear bones (ossicles)

MRI scan (sagittal section) SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS C1 C2 1 2 Cervical C3 3 C4 Cervical 4 C5 5 C6 6 C7 7 T1 1 T2 T3 2 T4 3 T5 4 Thoracic vertebrae T6 Thoracic 5 T7 Thoracic 6 T8 7 T9 8 T10 9 10 T12 T11 T12 11 12 L1 1 L2 2 L3 Lumbar 3 Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar 4 L4 5 L5 L5 S1 Sacral Intervertebral disc Sacral Coccygeal Sacral vertebrae Lateral view MRI scan (sagittal section) Lateral view Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral 2 fetal months 6 fetal months Newborn 4-year- old 13-year- old Adult

Typical lumbar vertebra Lateral and inferior view Superior articular process Spinous process Pedicle Superior articular process Inferior articular process Transverse process Articular processes Vertebral body Transverse process Spinous process Pedicle Vertebral arch Inferior articular facet Vertebral body Vertebral body Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral foramen Vertebral foramen Inferior articular process Superior view Lateral and inferior view Inferior view

Superior articular facet Superior articular process Lamina Intervertebral foramen Intervertebral disc Spinous process Intervertebral disc Transverse process Vertebral body Vertebral body Inferior articular process Arrow passing through vertebral canal Inferior articular facet Posterior view Lateral view

Typical cervical vertebra Location of transverse foramen Superior articular facet C1 C2 Superior articular process C3 Inferior articular process C4 C5 Spinous process C6 Spinous process Vertebra prominens C7 Inferior articular facet Transverse process Vertebral body Typical cervical vertebra, lateral view Maxilla Dens of axis Inferior articular facet of atlas Vertebral arch Spinous process Superior articular facet of axis Vertebral foramen Lamina Superior articular process Vertebral body of atlas Pedicle Superior articular facet Transverse process C3 vertebral body Transverse foramen Mandible Vertebral body X-ray of superior cervical vertebrae, anterior-posterior view Typical cervical vertebra, superior view Typical cervical vertebra

1st cervical vertebra (C1) or atlas Vertebral foramen Superior articular facet Superior articular process Atlas, superior view Transverse foramen Transverse process Posterior tubercle Vertebral foramen Inferior articular facet Atlas, inferior view

2nd cervical vertebra (C2) or axis Spinous process Lamina Spinous process Inferior articular process Lamina Transverse foramen Inferior articular facet Vertebral foramen Vertebral foramen Transverse process Transverse process Superior articular facet Vertebral body Vertebral body Transverse foramen Pedicle Pedicle Axis, superior view Superior articular process Axis, inferior view Dens

Dens Transverse ligament Atlas (C ) Axis (C ) Articulated atlas and 1 Axis (C ) 2 Articulated atlas and axis; superior and posterior view

Typical thoracic vertebra Spinous process of vertebra prominens Superior articular facet Superior articular process Transverse costal facet Pedicle C7 T1 Transverse processes T2 T3 Superior costal facet for head of rib Vertebral body T4 T5 Inferior costal facet Inferior vertebral notch Spinous process Spinous process T6 Inferior articular process T7 Inferior costal facet for head of rib T8 Thoracic vertebra, lateral view T9 Intervertebral foramen T10 T11 T12 Thoracic vertebrae, lateral view

Spinous process Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib Lamina Transverse costal facet Transverse process Superior articular facet Superior costal facet Superior articular process Pedicle Vertebral body Superior costal facet Inferior costal facet Vertebral foramen Thoracic vertebra, superior view

Superior articular facet Transverse process Lamina Spinous process Thoracic vertebra, posterior view

Lumbar vertebra Superior articular process Transverse process Pedicle Vertebral body Vertebral body Spinous process Spinous process Inferior articular process Inferior articular facet Lateral view

Superior articular facet Superior articular facet Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Vertebral foramen Pedicle Vertebral body Vertebral body Lumbar vertebra, superior view

Sacrum and coccyx Sacrum Posterior surface Lateral surface Anterior surface Coccyx

Thoracic cage- ribs (costae), sternum, and vertebrae Jugular notch 1 2 Manubrium Sternum Body 3 True ribs (ribs 1–7) Xiphoid process 4 5 Costal cartilages 6 10 T11 Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) T12 7 11 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 8 9 False ribs (ribs 8–12) Anterior view

Transverse costal facet Tubercle of rib Angle Neck Vertebral end Costal facet Head Superior view

True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12) Posterior view C7 1 T1 1 2 LE6-27c C7 1 T1 1 2 T2 2 3 3 T3 4 4 T4 5 True ribs (ribs 1–7) T5 5 6 T6 6 7 T7 7 T8 8 8 T9 9 9 T10 10 10 T11 False ribs (ribs 8–12) 11 11 T12 12 12 L1 Posterior view

Articular facets Head Neck Tubercle Body Angle Posterior view Costal groove Attachment to costal cartilage (sternal end) Costa (rib)