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Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.
Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals (a) Anterior view Phalanges
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Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.
Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Scapula Upper limb Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Bones of pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower limb Tibia Fibula (b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.2a The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Bones of cranium (cranial vault) Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones (a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
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Figure 7.2b The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa (b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
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Figure 7.2c The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Temporal lobe of cerebrum Frontal lobe of cerebrum Cerebellum Posterior Cranial fossae Middle Anterior (c) Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the contained brain regions
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Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section.
bone Cranial cavity Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus Zygomatic bone Orbit Orbit Ethmoid sinuses Ethmoid bone Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Maxilla Oral cavity Vomer Mandible
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Figure 7.4a Lateral aspect of the skull.
Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Occipital bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Mandibular angle Coronoid process
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Figure 7.4b Lateral aspect of the skull.
Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Nasal bone Temporal bone Lacrimal fossa Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Lambdoid suture Coronoid process Occipital bone Maxilla External occipital protuberance Alveolar margins Occipitomastoid suture Mandible Mental foramen External acoustic meatus Mandibular notch Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle (b) Photograph of right side of skull
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Figure 7.5 Posterior view of the skull.
Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Occipital condyle Occipitomastoid suture
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Figure 7.6a Anterior view of the skull.
Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull
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Figure 7.6b Anterior view of the skull.
Frontal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Parietal bone Supraorbital notch Greater wing of sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin Temporal bone Nasal bone Optic canal Lacrimal bone Middle nasal concha Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Zygomatic bone Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital foramen Vomer bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mandible Mental protuberance Mental foramen (b) Photo of anterior view of skull
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Figure 7.7a Inferior aspect of the skull.
Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Median palatine suture Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Vomer Pterygoid process Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Basilar part of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Figure 7.7b Inferior aspect of the skull.
Hard palate Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Mandibular fossa Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Styloid process Mastoid process Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Superior nuchal line (b) Photo of inferior view of the skull
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Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.
External acoustic meatus Squamous region Mastoid region Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Styloid process Tympanic region
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Figure 7.9a Floor of the cranial cavity.
Crista galli Ethmoid bone Frontal bone Cribriform plate Anterior cranial fossa Olfactory foramina Lesser wing Optic canal Sphenoid Greater wing Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Middle cranial fossa Foramen lacerum Temporal bone (petrous part) Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone View Occipital bone Foramen magnum (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Figure 7.9b Floor of the cranial cavity.
Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal bone Anterior cranial fossa Olfactory foramina Lesser wing Sphenoid Optic canal Greater wing Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Middle cranial fossa Foramen lacerum Temporal bone (petrous part) Jugular foramen Posterior cranial fossa View Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum (b) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Figure 7.10a The sphenoid bone.
Optic canal Lesser wing Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Sella turcica Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid (a) Superior view, as in Figure 7.9
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Figure 7.10b The sphenoid bone.
Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Pterygoid process (b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.11a Midsagittal section through the skull.
Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Greater wing Sphenoid Lesser wing Squamous suture bone Frontal sinus Temporal bone Crista galli Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Sphenoid sinus Occipital bone Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer Occipitomastoid suture Incisive canal Maxilla External occipital protuberance Alveolar margins Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Internal acoustic meatus Mandible Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Mandibular foramen Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla (a) Medial view of the left half of skull
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Figure 7.11b Midsagittal section through the skull.
Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Crista galli Petrous part of temporal bone Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica and sphenoid sinus (b) Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (a)
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Figure 7.12 The ethmoid bone.
Crista galli Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha
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Figure 7.13a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular condyle Mandibular foramen Alveolar margin Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible, right lateral view
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Figure 7.13b–c Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin (b) Maxilla, right lateral view (c) Maxilla, photo of right lateral view
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Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.
Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoid sinus Sphenoid bone Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)
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Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity.
Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Nasal bone Sella turcica Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Septal cartilage Vomer Palatine bone Hard palate Alveolar margin of maxilla Palatine process of maxilla (b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
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Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus (a) Anterior aspect
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Figure 7.15b Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus (b) Medial aspect
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Figure 7.16a Bones that form the orbit.
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Figure 7.16b Bones that form the orbit.
Superior orbital fissure Supraorbital notch Optic canal Roof of orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Medial wall Orbital plate of frontal bone Sphenoid body Lateral wall of orbit Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Zygomatic process of frontal bone Frontal process of maxilla Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit Inferior orbital fissure Orbital process of palatine bone Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone Orbital surface of maxillary bone (b) Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic bone
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Figure The hyoid bone. Greater horn Lesser horn Body
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Figure 7.18 The vertebral column.
2 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1 – C7 3 4 5 6 7 T Spinous process 1 2 Transverse processes 3 4 5 Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 6 7 8 9 Intervertebral discs 10 11 Intervertebral foramen 12 L 1 Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1 – L5 2 3 4 5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view
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Figure 7.19a Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.
Supraspinous ligament Transverse process Anterior longitudinal ligament Sectioned spinous process Intervertebral foramen Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Interspinous ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra (a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments
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Figure 7.19b Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.
Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Body of a vertebra Intervertebral disc (b) Anterior view of part of the spinal column
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Figure 7.19c Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.
Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal cord Spinal nerve root Transverse process Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Nucleus pulposus of disc (c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc
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Figure 7.19d Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.
Nucleus pulposus of intact disc Herniated nucleus pulposus (d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing normal and herniated discs
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Figure 7.20 Structure of a typical vertebra.
Posterior Lamina Vertebral arch Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process and facet Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body (centrum) Anterior
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Figure 7.21 The first and second cervical vertebrae.
Posterior Posterior Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Inferior articular facet Lateral masses Transverse process Lateral masses Transverse foramen Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Anterior arch Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Facet for dens (a) Superior view of atlas (C1) Anterior tubercle (b) Inferior view of atlas (C1) C2 Posterior Spinous process Inferior articular process Lamina Pedicle Superior articular facet Transverse process Dens Body (c) Superior view of axis (C2)
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Figure 7.21a The first and second cervical vertebrae.
Posterior Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Lateral masses Transverse foramen Superior articular facet Anterior arch Anterior tubercle (a) Superior view of atlas (C1)
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Figure 7.21b The first and second cervical vertebrae.
Posterior Posterior arch Posterior tubercle Inferior articular facet Transverse process Lateral masses Anterior Transverse foramen arch Facet for dens Anterior tubercle (b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
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Figure 7.21c The first and second cervical vertebrae.
Posterior C2 Spinous process Lamina Inferior articular process Pedicle Superior articular facet Transverse process Dens Body (c) Superior view of axis (C2)
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Figure 7.22a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) (a) Cervical vertebrae
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Figure 7.22b Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Spinous process Inferior articular process (b) Thoracic vertebrae
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Figure 7.22c Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Superior articular process Transverse process Body Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process Spinous process (c) Lumbar vertebrae
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Figure 7.23 The sacrum and coccyx.
Body Sacral promontory Facet of superior articular process Sacral canal Ala Body of first sacral vertebra Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Median sacral crest Anterior sacral foramina Posterior sacral foramina Apex Sacral hiatus Coccyx Coccyx (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.23a The sacrum and coccyx.
Sacral promontory Ala Body of first sacral vertebra Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Anterior sacral foramina Apex Coccyx (a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.23b The sacrum and coccyx.
Sacral canal Body Facet of superior articular process Ala Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Coccyx (b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.24a The thoracic cage.
Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum Xiphisternal joint True ribs (1–7 Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Vertebra Costal cartilage Floating ribs (11, 12) Costal margin (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
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Figure 7.24b The thoracic cage.
Jugular notch T3 Sternal angle T4 Heart Xiphisternal Xiphisternal joint T9 (b) Midsagittal section through the thorax, showing the relationship of surface anatomical landmarks of the thorax to the vertebral column
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Facets for articulation with vertebrae Articular facet on tubercle
Figure 7.25a Ribs. Facets for articulation with vertebrae Articular facet on tubercle Head Neck Shaft Junction with costal cartilage Costal groove Costal angle (a) A typical rib (rib 6, right), posterior view
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Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet
Figure 7.25b Ribs. Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Angle of rib Body of vertebra Head of rib Intervertebral disc Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Shaft Sternum Cross- section of rib Costal groove Costal cartilage (b) Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib
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(c) Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a
Figure 7.25c Ribs. Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Ligaments Neck of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) (c) Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a thoracic vertebra
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Figure Cleft palate.
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Figure 7.26a Cleft palate.
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Figure 7.26b Cleft palate.
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Figure 7.26c Cleft palate.
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Figure 7.27 Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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Figure 7.27a Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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Figure 7.27b Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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Figure 7.27c Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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Figure 7.28 Skull of a newborn.
Frontal suture Frontal bone Anterior fontanelle Ossification center Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Occipital bone (a) Superior view Parietal bone Frontal bone Ossification center Sphenoidal fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Temporal bone (squamous portion) Mastoid fontanelle Occipital bone (b) Lateral view
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Figure 7.28a Skull of a newborn.
Frontal suture Frontal bone Anterior fontanelle Ossification center Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Occipital bone (a) Superior view
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Figure 7.28b Skull of a newborn.
Parietal bone Frontal bone Ossification center Sphenoidal fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Temporal bone (squamous portion) Mastoid fontanelle Occipital bone (b) Lateral view
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (1 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (2 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (3 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (4 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (5 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (6 of 6)
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Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (1 of 3)
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Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (2 of 3)
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Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (3 of 3)
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