1. This file reviews materials in Lab 4 and it gets you ready for Lab 6
This file reviews materials in Lab 4 and it gets you ready for Lab 6. Lab#4 -- Ex. 7 (Overview of the skeleton) and Ex. 8 (Axial skeleton) Lab#5 -- Ex. 9 (Appendicular skeleton), Ex. 10 (Fetal skeleton), and Ex. 11 (Articulations and body movements) Lab#6 -- the second lab practical (200 points)
by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176;

2. Lab#4– Ex. 7: Overview of the skeleton

3. Axial skeleton (in khaki) and appendicular skeleton (in gray)— Students are required to ID these bones. 3

4. Four types of bone by shapes4

5. Match the following bones to these four bone shapes
_____ Vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
_____ The three bones in each of your fingers and toes (phalanges), humerus
_____ Ribs, scapula, most skull bones, sternum
_____ Kneecap (patella), calcaneus
A. Long bone B. Short bone
C. Flat bone D. Irregular bone
Irregular bones (hip bone—in Saladin’s textbook is considered as a flat bone)
Long bones
Flat bones—
Short bones -- include carpals, tarsals 5

6. Required terminologies are highlighted in green.
Articular
cartilage
Epiphysis
Required terminologies are highlighted in green.
Red bone
marrow
Epiphyseal
line
Medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow
Periosteum
Nutrient foramen
Diaphysis
Nutrient artery
Endosteum
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal
line
Epiphysis
Articular
cartilage 6
(a) Living
(b) Dried

7. Practice 01
(a) Living bone
(b) Dried bone 7

8. Required terminologies are highlighted in green.
Bone marrow
Trabecula
Pelvic bone
Head of
femur
Spongy bone
Compact bone
(a)
(c)
Required terminologies are highlighted in green.
Nerve
Blood vessel
Spicules
Trabeculae
Spongy bone
Endosteum
Periosteum
Perforating fibers
Perforating canal
Central
canal
Osteon
Lacuna
Collagen
fibers
Lamella
Lacunae
Concentric
lamellae
Canaliculi
Circumferential
lamellae
Central
canal
(b) 8
(d)
20 m

9. Bone Model– All terminologies are required.
Circumferential lamellae
Osteons
Endosteum
Interstitial lamellae
Central canals 9

10. Canaliculi (cellular extensions of osteocytes)
Lamellae (each layer of tissue)
Osteon showing collagen fibers
Circumferential lamella
Periosteum
Perforating canal (with blood vessels inside)
Perforating fibers (in white)
Osteocytes with Canaliculi (cellular extensions of osteocytes)
Osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae (spaces)
Lacunae 10

11. Each of the concentric ring of the osteon is called ________________.
Osteon showing _________ fibers
ID “tiny canals” that use for communicating among bone cells.
Scientific name for bone cells.
ID theses “holes.”
Practice 02 11

12. Lab#4– Ex. 8: Axial skeleton

13. Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; A- The cranial bones

14. Required bones and markings are highlighted in 3 different colors--
1. Individual bones in green
2. Articulations, extensions, and projections in yellow (condyle, crest, facet, process, etc.)
3. Depressions, passages, and cavities in red (fissure, foramen, fossa, sinus, etc.) 14

15. Markings of bones (FYI only)
Lines
Crest
Sinuses
Fovea
Head
Foramen
Meatus
Crest
Head
Trochanters
Tubercle
Process
Condyle
Alveolus
Spine
Foramen
Tuberosity
(a) Skull (lateral view)
Line
Process
Spine
Fossae
Epicondyles
Fossae
Condyles
(c) Femur
(posterior view)
(d) Humerus
(anterior view)
(b) Scapula (posterior view) 15

16. The skull, anterior view
Frontal bone
Supraorbital
foramen
Supraorbital
notch
Parietal bone
Coronal suture
Supraorbital
margin
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Nasal bone
Middle nasal
concha
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Inferior nasal
concha
Maxilla
Vomer
Mandible
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance 16

17. The skull, anterior view
Practice 03 17

18. Anterior
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Sutural wormian bone
Parietal foramen
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Posterior 18

19. Anterior
Posterior
Practice 04 19

20. The skull, right lateral view
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal lines
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Squamous suture
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Temporal bone
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic bone
External auditory meatus
Maxilla
Mastoid process
Temporal process
Styloid process
Mandible
Mandibular condyle
Mental foramen 20

21. The skull, right lateral view
Practice 05 21

22. 22 Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Intermaxillary suture
Zygomatic bone
Palatine bone
Zygomatic process
Greater palatine foramen
Posterior nasal
aperture
Medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate
Vomer
Sphenoid bone
Foramen ovale
Mandibular fossa
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Styloid process
Basilar part of
occipital bone
External auditory meatus
Occipital condyle
Carotid canal
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Mastoid notch
Jugular foramen
Temporal bone
Foramen magnum
Condylar canal
Mastoid foramen
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
External occipital
protuberance
Occipital bone
(a) Inferior view 22

23. (a) Inferior view
Practice 06 23

24. Lateral surface of temporal bone
Squamous suture
Squamous part
Mastoid part
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
Mastoid notch
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Tympanic part
Temporal bone (lateral surface) 24

25. Styloid process Stylohyoid muscle Hyoid Larynx Greater horn Body
Lesser horn
Larynx
Greater horn
Body 25

26. 26 Optic foramen Hypophyseal fossa Lesser wing Greater wing
Foramen rotundum
Sella turcica
Anterior clinoid
process
Dorsum sellae
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
(a) Superior view
Lesser wing
Dorsum sellae
Greater wing
Superior orbital
fissure
Body
Foramen
rotundum
Foramen ovale
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid plate
Pterygoid processes
(b) Posterior view 26

27. (a) Superior view
(b) Posterior view
Practice 07 27

28. Sphenoid
sinus
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus 28

29. 29 Diploe (spongy bone) Frontal bone Crista galli Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Cribriform foramina
Sphenoid bone
Optic foramen
Foramen rotundum
Sella turcica
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Temporal bone
Internal acoustic
meatus
Petrous part of
temporal bone
Jugular foramen
Parietal bone
Groove for
venous sinus
Foramen magnum
Occipital bone
Hypoglossal canal
(b) Superior view of cranial floor 29

30. (b) Superior view of cranial floor
Practice 08 30

31. 31 Cribriform plate Crista galli Cribriform foramina Orbital plate
Superior
nasal concha
Ethmoidal
Cells (sinuses)
Middle
nasal concha
Perpendicular
plate 31

32. Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; B- The facial bones

33. 33 Crista galli Frontal bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus
Cribriform foramina
Nasal bone
Sella turcica
Nasal conchae:
Superior
Middle
Sphenoid sinus
Inferior nasal
concha
Nasal cartilages
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Anterior nasal spine
Palatine bone
Incisive foramen
Lacrimal bone
Lip
Incisor
Palatine process of maxilla 33

34. Zygomatic process
Infraorbital foramen
Maxillary bone 34

35. Frontal bone Supraorbital foramen Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla 35

36. 36 Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid sinus
Squamous suture
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Occipital bone
Cribriform plate of
ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Sella turcica
Lambdoid suture
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid bone
Nasal bone
Vomer
Palatine process
of maxilla
Styloid process
Mandibular foramen
Maxilla
Palatine bone
Mandible
(b) Median section 36

37. Mandibular condyles Condylar process Coronoid process Mandibular notch
Mandibular foramen
Alveolar process
Ramus
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Mandibular angle
Body 37

38. Practice 09 38

39. Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; C- The vertebral column & the thoracic cage

40. 40 Anterior view Posterior view Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)
Cervical vertebrae C7 T1
Thoracic vertebrae
T12 L1
Lumbar vertebrae L5 S1
Sacrum S5
Coccyx
Coccyx 40

41. (a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2), superior view
Posterior
Spinous process
Superior articular
facet
Lamina
Vertebral
arch
Transverse
process
Pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Body
Anterior
(a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2), superior view 41

42. (a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2), superior view
Posterior
Anterior
(a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2), superior view
Practice 10 42

43. Superior articular process of L1 Inferior vertebral notch of L1 L1
Intervertebral
foramen
Superior vertebral
notch of L2 L2
Spinous process
Intervertebral disc L3
Inferior articular
process of L3
(b) Left lateral view 43

44. Inferior vertebral notch of L1 L1 Superior vertebral notch of L2 L2
Intervertebral disc L3
(b) Left lateral view
Practice 11 44

45. Atlas: Lack body and spinous process
Anterior tubercle
Anterior arch
Superior articular
facet
Lateral
masses
Transverse
foramen
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle
(a) Atlas ( C1)
Atlas: Lack body and spinous process 45

46. Identify this vertebra:______________
Practice 12 46

47. C2-C6: have forked (bifid) spinous processes
Dens (odontoid process)
Superior articular facet
Body
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Pedicle
Inferior articular process
Lamina
Spinous process
(b) Axis (C2)
C2-C6: have forked (bifid) spinous processes 47

48. Identify this vertebra: _______
Practice 13 48

49. Superior views Lateral views 49 Transverse process Spinous process
Bifid spinous process
Lamina
Superior articular facet
Transverse foramen
Body
Transverse process
Spinous process
(a) Cervical vertebrae (C2-C6): bifid spinous process
Inferior articular process
Spinous process
Superior articular facet
Lamina
Transverse process
Transverse costal facet
Superior costal facet
Transverse costal facet
Inferior costal facet
Body
Inferior articular facet
(b) Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): having coastal facets
Spinous process
Spinous process
Superior articular facet
Superior articular process
Transverse process
Pedicle
Body
Spinous process
(c) Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): Thick body; articular facets curved inward; squarish spinous process
Inferior articular facet

50. Superior articular process
Sacral
Promontory (anterior border of the body of S1)
Ala S1 S2
Transverse ridges (lines) S3
Anterior sacral
foramina S4 S5
Co1
Coccyx
Co2
Co3
Co4
(a)
Sacrum; anterior view (smooth) 50

51. Superior articular
process
Sacral canal
Median
sacral crest
Auricular
surface
Lateral sacral
crest
Posterior sacral
foramina
Sacral hiatus
Horn
Transverse
process
Coccyx
(b) Sacrum; posterior view (rough) 51

52. 52 Sternoclavicular joint Sternum: Acromioclavicular joint T1
Jugular notch 1
Clavicular notch
Pectoral girdle:
Clavicle
Manubrium
Scapula 2
Angle 3
Body 4
True ribs (1–7) 5
Xiphoid process 6
Costal cartilages 7 1 1 8 12
Floating ribs
(11–12)
T12
False ribs (8–12) 9 10 L1
Costal margin 52

53. Head (Vertebral end)
Neck
Tubercle
(a) (Costa) Rib 1 53

54. Articular facets for vertebral bodies
Tubercle
Neck
Head (Vertebral end)
Superior
Inferior
Articular facet
for transverse
process
Angle
Articular facets
for vertebral bodies
Costal groove
Shaft
(b) (Costae) Ribs 2–10 54

55. (c) (Costae) Ribs 11–12 55

56. 56 Inferior costal facet of T5 Vertebral Superior articular body T5
facet of rib 6
Rib 6
Inferior articular
facet of rib 6
Vertebral
body T6
Superior costal
facet of T6
(a) Anterior view
Superior
articular
facet
Transverse
costal facet
for rib 6
Tubercle
Superior
costal
facet
for rib 6
Neck
Rib 6
Head T6
(b) Superior view 56