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Appendicular skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM AXIAL SKELETON Cranium Face Auditory ossicles Hyoid Sternum 25 Ribs 80 8 14 6 1 24 APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Figure 8-1) Skull Skull and associated bones 29 Associated Thoracic cage Vertebrae Vertebral column 26 Sacrum Coccyx An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton. 206 a Axial skeleton Bones of head and trunk Forms longitudinal axis of body Appendicular skeleton Bones that support the limbs ATLAS: Plates 1a,b
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Figure 7–1b The Axial Skeleton.
Skull Skull Cervical vertebrae Sternum Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Ribs Costal cartilages Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Sacrum Sacrum Coccyx Coccyx b Anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) views of the axial skeleton. The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–3d The Adult Skull.
Sagittal suture Foramen or Fissure Major Structures Using Passageway Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal Bone Nasal bone Supra-orbital foramen • Supra-orbital nerve (branch of CN V) Ethmoid • Supra-orbital artery Temporal bone Sphenoid Palatine bone Optic canal • Optic nerve (II) • Ophthalmic artery Lacrimal bone Superior orbital fissure • Oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (V), and abducens nerve (VI) Zygomatic bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure • Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve(V) Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid) Inferior nasal concha Maxilla ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Infra-orbital foramen • Infra-orbital nerve, branch of maxillary nerve (V2) Bony nasal septum • Infra-orbital artery Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mandible Vomer d Anterior view Mental foramen • Mental nerve, branch of mandibular nerve (V3) Mental protuberance • Mental vessels © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–3e The Adult Skull.
Frontal bone Sphenoid Maxilla Foramen lacerum (with temporal and occipital bones) • Internal carotid artery after leaving carotid canal Palatine bone Zygomatic bone • Auditory tube Zygomatic arch Foramen ovale • Mandibular division (V3) of trigeminal nerve (V) Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Temporal Bone Vomer External acoustic meatus • Air in meatus conducts sound to eardrum Styloid process Mandibular fossa Carotid canal • Internal carotid artery Occipital condyle Stylomastoid foramen • Facial nerve (V) Mastoid process Occipital Bone ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Foramen magnum • Medulla oblongata (most caudal portion of brain) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone • Accessory nerve (XI) • Vertebral arteries External occipital protuberance Jugular foramen (with temporal bone) • Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (IX, X, XI) e Inferior view • Internal jugular vein © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–4a Sectional Anatomy of the Skull.
THE CRANIAL CAVITY This sagittal section of the skull was taken just lateral to the nasal septum. It gives the best view of the cranial cavity. The colored boxes highlight the bones that surround the cranial cavity, and some of their key markings are highlighted within their respective boxes. Parietal Bone Coronal suture Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa within sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus Frontal Bone Squamous suture Frontal sinuses Temporal Bone Nasal bone Internal acoustic meatus Ethmoid Styloid process Crista galli Cribriform plate Lambdoid suture Vomer Palatine bone Maxilla Occipital Bone Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Mandible a Sagittal section © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–4b Sectional Anatomy of the Skull.
THE FLOOR OF THE CRANIUM This superior view of a horizontal section through the skull shows the floor of the cranial cavity. This is where most of the nerves and blood vessels enter or leave the cranial cavity. Compare this figure and chart with Figure 7–3e showing the inferior view of the skull and Figure 14–18 (p. 495) showing the origin of the cranial nerves. Foramen or Fissure Major Structures Using Passageway Ethmoid Olfactory foramina • Olfactory nerve (I) Sphenoid Optic canal • Optic nerve (II) • Ophthalmic artery Foramen rotundum • Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve (V) Frontal bone Foramen lacerum • Internal carotid artery after leaving carotid canal Crista galli Cribriform plate • Auditory tube Sella turcica Foramen ovale • Mandibular division (V3) of trigeminal nerve (V) Foramen spinosum • Blood vessels to membranes around central nervous system Temporal Bone Carotid canal • Internal carotid artery Internal acoustic meatus • Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) • Internal acoustic artery • Facial nerve (VII) Parietal bone Occipital Bone Internal occipital crest Foramen magnum • Medulla oblongata (most caudal portion of brain) • Accessory nerve (XI) • Vertebral arteries Hypoglossal canal • Hypoglossal nerve (XII) b Horizontal section Jugular foramen (with temporal bone) • Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (IX, X, XI) Understanding skull structure will be especially important to you in later chapters when you study the nervous and cardiovascular systems. • Internal jugular vein © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–14 The Orbital Complex (Part 1 of 2).
Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Palatine bone Lacrimal sulcus Nasolacrimal canal Zygomatic bone Maxilla Inferior orbital fissure Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–17 The Vertebral Column.
Spinal Curves Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after birth. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 The lumbar curve, a second- ary curve, balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs. This curve develops with the ability to stand. L2 L3 L4 L5 The sacral curve, a primary curve, provides room for various abdominopelvic organs. Vertebral Regions Regions are defined by structural characteristics of individual vertebrae. The cervical curve, a secondary curve, develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of its head on the vertebrae of the neck. Cervical (7 vertebrae) The thoracic curve, a room for the thoracic organs. Thoracic (12 vertebrae) Lumbar (5 vertebrae) Sacral Coccygeal ATLAS: Plate 2b © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–18b Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral foramen Inferior articular process b A lateral and slightly inferior view of a vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–18c Vertebral Anatomy.
Spinous process Superior articular process Inferior articular process Transverse process Inferior articular facet Pedicle Vertebral foramen Vertebral body c An inferior view of a vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 7–1 Regional Differences in Vertebral Structure and Function (Part 2 of 2)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–22a The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Articular process Entrance to sacral canal Sacral tuberosity Lateral sacral crest Sacral foramina Median sacral crest Sacral cornu Sacral hiatus Coccygeal cornu Coccyx a A posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–22c The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Base Sacral promontory Ala Ala Sacral foramina Transverse lines Apex Coccyx c An anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–23a The Thoracic Cage.
Jugular notch T1 Clavicular articulation 1 Sternum Manubrium 2 3 Body True ribs (ribs 1–7) 4 Xiphoid process 5 ATLAS: Plate 22b Costal cartilages 6 10 T11 7 T12 11 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 8 9 False ribs (ribs 8–12) Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) a An anterior view, showing the costal cartilages and the sternum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7–23b The Thoracic Cage.
1 T2 1 2 2 T3 3 3 T4 4 4 T5 5 T6 5 6 True ribs (ribs 1–7) T7 6 7 T8 7 8 T9 8 T10 9 9 T11 10 T12 10 11 L1 11 False ribs (ribs 8–12) 12 12 b A posterior view, showing the articulations of the ribs and vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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A superior view of a rib showing the joints between it
Figure 7–24a The Ribs. Transverse costal facet Tubercle of rib Angle Neck Demifacet Head (capitulum) Vertebral end A superior view of a rib showing the joints between it and a thoracic vertebra a Head Neck Attachment to costal cartilage (sternal end) Articular facets Tubercle Body A posterior view of a typical rib (ribs 2–9) from the right side Angle Costal groove b © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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