1. Let’s Talk Bone Anatomy Next: Divisions of the Skeleton
Two main subdivisions, by location
Axial skeleton (brown)
Appendicular skeleton (yellow)

2. Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula (ribs and
sternum)
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Vertebral
column
Radius
Ulna
Sacrum
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
(a) Anterior view
Phalanges
Figure 7.1a

3. Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Coronal
suture
Squamous
suture
Lambdoid
suture
Facial
bones
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Figure 7.2a

4. The Skull: External View, Right Side
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Lacrimal fossa
Squamous
suture
Nasal bone
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
bone
Zygomatic
process
Maxilla
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Alveolar
margins
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mandible
Mandibular notch
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process

5. Skull: Bones of the Face and Forehead
Mental foramen

6. Skull: Posterior View Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External
occipital
protuberance
Mastoid
process
Inferior
nuchal
line
Occipitomastoid
suture
External
occipital
crest
Occipital
condyle
(b) Posterior view
Figure 7.4b

7. Skull, Inferior View

8. Superior View of Skull With Calvaria Removed
Cribriform plate
Frontal bone
Ethmoid
bone
Crista galli
Olfactory foramina
Anterior cranial fossa
Optic canal
Lesser wing
Sphenoid
Foramen rotundum
Greater wing
Foramen ovale
Hypophyseal fossa
(sella turcica)
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Middle cranial
fossa
Internal acoustic
meatus
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Posterior
cranial fossa
Foramen magnum
View
Parietal bone
Occipital bone

9. The Butterfly Bone and Cock’s Comb: The Sphenoid & Ethmoid
Ethmoid bone
Lesser wing
Optic canal
Superior
orbital fissure
Greater
wing
Foramen
ovale
Hypophyseal
fossa of
sella turcica

10. Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica
Nasal cavity with septum in place, Left Interior View
Crista galli
Ethmoid
bone
Cribriform
plate
Frontal
sinus
Sella turcica
Nasal bone
Perpendicular
plate of
ethmoid bone
Sphenoid
sinus
Septal cartilage
Palatine
bone
Vomer
Alveolar margin
of maxilla
Hard
palate
Palatine process
of maxilla

11. (a) Mandible, right lateral view
Mandibular fossa
of temporal bone
Temporomandibular
joint
Mandibular notch
Coronoid
process
Mandibular
condyle
Mandibular foramen
Alveolar
margin
Ramus of
mandible
Mental
foramen
Mandibular
angle
Body of mandible
(a) Mandible, right lateral view
Figure 7.11a

12. Paranasal Sinuses Frontal sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid
sinus
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(a) Anterior aspect
(b) Medial aspect

13. The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Connects via muscles to the styloid process and tongue
Figure 5.12

14. Bone Growth, Repair, and Axial Skeleton
Appositional Growth and Bone Remodeling
Normal Calcium Deposition and Removal
Conditions That Stimulate Bone Remodeling
Types of Bone Fractures
Stages of Bone Healing
Hormone Imbalances and Bone Density Problems
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae and the Spine

15. The Vertebral Column C1 Cervical curvature (concave)
7 vertebrae, C1–C7
Spinous
process
Transverse
processes
Thoracic
curvature
(convex)
12 vertebrae,
T1–T12
Intervertebral
discs
Intervertebral
foramen
Lumbar curvature
(concave)
5 vertebrae, L1–L5
Sacral curvature
(convex)
5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
Anterior view
Right lateral view

16. Posterior Vertebral arch Spinous Transverse process process Superior
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Posterior
Vertebral
arch
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Superior
articular
process
and
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Body
(centrum)
Anterior
Figure 7.18

17. Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra
Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse process
Sectioned
spinous process
Inferior articular process
Sectioned body
of vertebra
Figure 7.17a

18. Bone Growth, Repair, and Axial Skeleton
Appositional Growth and Bone Remodeling
Normal Calcium Deposition and Removal
Conditions That Stimulate Bone Remodeling
Types of Bone Fractures
Stages of Bone Healing
Hormone Imbalances and Bone Density Problems
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae

19. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae: C1-C2
Cervical Vertebrae: C3-C7
Atlas and axis combined, superior view
Superior and lateral view of C3-C7

20. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

21. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Median sacral crest
Sacrum and Coccyx
Five fused vertebrae
/posterior
3-5 fused vertebrae

22. The Bony Thorax

23. Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet
(for head of rib)
Angle
of rib
Head of rib
Neck of rib
Tubercle of rib
Sternum
Cross-
section
of rib
Costal cartilage
(a) Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib
Figure 7.23a

24. The Skeletal System: Bones and Axial Skeleton
Overview
Bone Functions
Classification of Bones
Long Bone Structure
Bone Formation,Growth
Bone Fractures
The Skull
The Vertebral Column