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Divisions of the Skeletal System
The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones Bones of the skeleton are grouped into two principal divisions: Axial skeleton Consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column Appendicular skeleton Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
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Divisions of the Skeletal System
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Divisions of the Skeletal System
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Figure 7-1a The Axial Skeleton.
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON 80 (see Figure 8-1) 8 Cranium Skull 14 Face Skull and associated bones Auditory ossicles 29 6 Associated bones 1 Hyoid 1 Sternum Thoracic cage 25 24 Ribs 24 Vertebrae 1 Sacrum Vertebral column 26 1 Coccyx a An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton.
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Figure 7-1b The Axial Skeleton.
Skull Cervical vertebrae Sternum Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Costal cartilages Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton. The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible. b
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Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 1 of 3).
FACE 14 CRANIUM 8 ASSOCIATED BONES 7 7 Maxillae 2 Occipital bone 1 Palatine bones 2 Parietal bones 2 1 Hyoid bone 1 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 17) 6 Nasal bones 2 Frontal bone Inferior nasal conchae 2 Temporal bones 2 Zygomatic bones 2 Sphenoid 1 Lacrimal bones 2 Ethmoid 1 Vomer 1 Mandible 1 Hyoid bone
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Skull Skull (cranium) Consists of 22 bones
Bones of the skull are grouped into two categories: Cranial bones Eight cranial bones form the cranial cavity Frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone Facial bones Fourteen facial bones form the face Two nasal bones, two maxillae, two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, vomer
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Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 2 of 3).
Frontal bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Vomer Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Ethmoid Maxilla Sphenoid Occipital bone Mandible Facial bones protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts. Cranial bones surround and protect the brain.
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Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 3 of 3).
Auditory ossicles
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Anterior Aspects of the Skull
Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontal squama of frontal bone Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Supraorbital margin Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer bone Mandible Mental foramen (a) Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.2a
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External Lateral Aspects of the Skull
Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus (a) Mandibular angle Coronoid process Figure 7.3a
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Skull Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Skull Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Skull Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Figure 7-4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (Part 2 of 9).
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Skull
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Skull
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Skull Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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A lateral and slightly superior view of the mandible
Figure 7-12a The Mandible. Articular surface for temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Teeth Mandibular notch Head Ramus Mental protuberance Condylar process Body Mental foramen Angle a A lateral and slightly superior view of the mandible
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Figure 7-14 The Orbital Complex (Part 1 of 2).
Frontal bone Supraorbital notch Sphenoid Optic canal Ethmoid Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Lacrimal sulcus Interior orbital fissure Nasolacrimal canal Zygomatic bone Palatine bone Infraorbital groove Infraorbital foramen Maxilla
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Figure 7-14 The Orbital Complex (Part 2 of 2).
Supraorbital notch Frontal bone Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Nasolacrimal canal Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone Maxilla Infraorbital foramen
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Skull The cranial and facial bones protect and support special sense organs and the brain Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several smaller cavities Nasal cavity Orbits (eye sockets) Paranasal sinuses Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium
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Skull Unique Features of the Skull Sutures Paranasal Sinuses Fontanels
an immovable joint that holds most skull bones together Paranasal Sinuses Cavities within cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity Secretions produced by the mucous membranes which line the sinuses, drain into the nasal cavity Serve as resonating chambers that intensify and prolong sounds Fontanels Areas of unossified tissue At birth, unossified tissue spaces, commonly called “soft spots” link the cranial bones Eventually, they are replaced with bone to become sutures Provide flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal
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Figure 7-15a The Nasal Complex.
Frontal sinus Ethmoid air cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus a Locations of the paranasal sinuses.
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Skull
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Figure 7-15b The Nasal Complex.
Frontal bone Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinuses Sphenoid Ethmoid Nasal bone Nasal conchae of ethmoid Palatine bone (bony palate) Superior Maxilla (bony palate) Middle Inferior nasal concha b A sagittal section through the skull, with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity. The frontal and sphenoidal sinuses are visible.
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Figure 7-3a The Adult Skull.
Major Sutures of the Skull Sagittal suture Parietal bone (left) Parietal bone (right) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance Mandible Posterior view a
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Figure 7-3b The Adult Skull.
Occipital bone Major Sutures of the Skull Lambdoid suture Parietal bone (right) Parietal bone (left) Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Zygomatic Bone Nasal bones Superior view b
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Figure 7-3c The Adult Skull.
Major Sutures of the Skull Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid Squamous suture Supraorbital foramen Temporal bone Nasal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal bone Squamous part of temporal bone Ethmoid Infraorbital foramen Occipital bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Mastoid process Styloid process Mandible Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mental foramen Zygomatic arch Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mental protuberance Lateral view c
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Figure 7-16a The Skull of an Infant.
Fontanelles Sphenoidal fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid Nasal bone Maxilla Mandible Temporal bone Squamous suture Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Lateral view a
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Figure 7-16b The Skull of an Infant.
Fontanelles Anterior fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Coronal suture Parietal bone Occipital bone Frontal bone Sagittal suture Frontal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Coronal suture b Superior view
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Figure 7-3d The Adult Skull.
Sagittal suture Foramen or Fissure Major Structures Using Passageway Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal Bone Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen • Supraorbital nerve (branch of N V) • Supraorbital artery Ethmoid Temporal bone Sphenoid Palatine bone Optic canal • Optic nerve (N II) • Ophthalmic artery Lacrimal bone Superior orbital fissure • Oculomotor nerve (N III), trochlear nerve (N IV), opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (N V), and abducens nerve (N VI) Zygomatic bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure • Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (N V) Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid) Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Infraorbital foramen • Infraorbital nerve, branch of maxillary nerve (N V) Bony nasal septum • Infraorbital artery Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mandible Vomer Anterior view Mental foramen • Mental nerve, branch of mandibular nerve (N V) d Mental protuberance • Mental vessels
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Figure 7-3e The Adult Skull.
Frontal bone Sphenoid Maxilla Foramen lacerum (with temporal and occipital bones) • Internal carotid artery after leaving carotid canal Palatine bone Zygomatic bone • Auditory tube Zygomatic arch Foramen ovale • Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (N V) Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Temporal Bone Vomer External acoustic meatus • Air in meatus conducts sound to eardrum Styloid process Mandibular fossa Occipital condyle Carotid canal • Internal carotid artery Stylomastoid foramen • Facial nerve (N V) Mastoid process Occipital Bone Foramen magnum • Medulla oblongata (most caudal portion of brain) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone • Accessory nerve (XI) • Vertebral arteries External occipital protuberance Jugular foramen • Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (N IX, X, XI) (with temporal bone) Inferior view e
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Hyoid Bone Does not articulate with any other bone
Supports the tongue, providing attachment sites for some tongue muscles and for muscles of the neck and pharynx The hyoid bone also helps to keep the larynx (voice box) open at all times
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Figure 7-13 An Anterior View of the Hyoid Bone.
Greater horn Lesser horn Body An anterior view of the hyoid bone
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Vertebral Column Also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column
Functions to: Protect the spinal cord Support the head Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles The vertebral column is curved to varying degrees in different locations Curves increase the column strength Help maintain balance in the upright position Absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture
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Figure 7-17 The Vertebral Column.
Spinal Curves Vertebral Regions Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after birth. Regions are defined by anatomical characteristics of individual vertebrae. C1 The cervical curve, a secondary curve, develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of the head on the vertebrae of the neck. C2 C3 C4 Cervical (7 vertebrae) C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 The thoracic curve, a primary curve, accommo- dates the thoracic organs. T6 T7 Thoracic (12 vertebrae) T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 The lumbar curve, a secondary curve, balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs; it develops with the ability to stand. L2 L3 Lumbar (5 vertebrae) L4 L5 The sacral curve, a primary curve, accommodates the abdominopelvic organs. Sacral Coccygeal
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7-5 The Vertebral Column Thoracic and Sacral Curves
Are called primary curves (present during fetal development) Or accommodation curves (accommodate internal organs) Lumbar and Cervical Curves Are called secondary curves (appear after birth) Or compensation curves (shift body weight for upright posture)
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Vertebral Column
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Vertebral Column Various conditions may exaggerate the normal curves of the vertebral column Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae (Adult=26) 7 cervical are in the neck region 12 thoracic are posterior to the thoracic cavity 5 lumbar support the lower back 1 sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae 1 coccyx consists of four fused coccygeal vertebrae
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Vertebral Column
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Intervertebral Discs Found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Functions to: Form strong joints Permit various movements of the vertebral column Absorb vertical shock Vertebrae typically consist of: A Body (weight bearing) A vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord) Several processes (points of attachment for muscles)
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Figure 7-18a Vertebral Anatomy.
Vertebral arch Articular processes Pedicle Vertebral body a The major components of a typical vertebra
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Figure 7-18b Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral foramen Inferior articular process b A lateral and slightly inferior view of a vertebra
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Vertebral Column
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Figure 7-18e Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular facets Lamina of vertebral arch Intervertebral foramen Intervertebral disc Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral body Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral canal e A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae
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Vertebral Column (Regions)
Cervical Region Cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) The atlas (C1) is the first cervical vertebra The axis (C2) is the second cervical vertebra Thoracic Region Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) Articulate with the ribs Lumbar Region Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) Provide for the attachment of the large back muscles Sacrum The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle Coccyx The coccyx, like the sacrum, is triangular in shape It is formed by the fusion of usually four coccygeal vertebrae
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Vertebral Column
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Figure 7-19a The Cervical Vertebrae.
Spinous process of vertebra prominens C7 A lateral view of the cervical vertebrae, C1–C7. a
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Figure 7-19b The Cervical Vertebrae.
Vertebral arch Spinous process Lamina Vertebral foramen Superior articular process Pedicle Vertebral body Transverse process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Costal process b A superior view of a representative cervical vertebra showing characteristics of C3–C6. Notice the typical features listed in Table 7–1.
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Figure 7-19d The Cervical Vertebrae.
Dens of axis Anterior arch Transverse ligament Atlas (C1) Posterior arch Axis (C2) d The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) in posterolateral view.
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Figure 7-20b The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Spinous process Transverse process Lamina Transverse costal facet Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Superior costal facet Vertebral body b Thoracic vertebra, superior view.
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Figure 7-20c The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Superior costal facet for head of superior rib Transverse costal facet for tubercle of superior rib Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Inferior costal facet for head of inferior rib c Thoracic vertebra, lateral view.
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Vertebral Column
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Figure 7-21b The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Inferior articular process Inferior articular facet b A lateral view of a typical lumbar vertebra
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Figure 7-21c The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Spinous process Superior articular facet Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Pedicle Vertebral body c A superior view of the same vertebra shown in part b
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Vertebral Column
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Table 7-1 Regional Differences in Vertebral Structure and Function (Part 1 of 2).
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Vertebral Column
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Figure 7-22a The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Articular process Entrance to sacral canal Sacral tuberosity Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Sacral hiatus Sacral cornu Coccygeal cornu A posterior view a
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Figure 7-23a The Thoracic Cage.
Jugular notch T1 Clavicular articulation 1 Sternum Manubrium 2 3 Body True ribs (ribs 1–7) 4 Xiphoid process 5 Costal cartilages 6 10 T11 7 T12 11 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 8 9 False ribs (ribs 8–12) Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) a An anterior view, showing the costal cartilages and the sternum
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Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
Figure 7.19a
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Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
Figure 7.19b
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Vertebral Column
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Vertebral Column
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