© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction Basic Features Skeleton is divided into two sections
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton There are 206 separate bones Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones Composed of bones along the central axis of the body Appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

Introduction Basic Features Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
Consists of: skull bones/auditory ossicles/hyoid/vertebral column/thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton limbs/pectoral girdle/pelvic girdle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton
Skull Skull Cervical vertebrae Sternum Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Ribs Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Sacrum Coccyx Coccyx b Anterior (above) and posterior (below) views of the bones of the axial skeleton. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 (See Figure 7.1) Cranium 8 Skull Face 14 Skull and associated bones 29 Auditory ossicles 6 Associated bones Hyoid 1 Sternum 1 Thoracic cage 25 Ribs 24 Vertebrae 24 Vertebral column 26 Sacrum 1 Coccyx 1 a Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting components of the axial skeleton; the flowchart indicates relationships among the axial components. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction Function of the Axial Skeleton
Framework that supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities Protects special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision Attachment sites for muscles that: Adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk Move the thoracic cage for respiration Stabilize the appendicular skeleton © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

The Skull and Associated Bones
Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull The skull consists of Face Cranium Associated bones The face: 14 individual bones The cranium: 8 individual bones The associated bones: 7 individual bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull
FACE 14 CRANIUM 8 ASSOCIATED BONES 7 Maxillae 2 Occipital bone 1 Palatine bones 2 Parietal bones 2 Hyoid bone 1 Nasal bones 2 Frontal bone 1 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 18) Inferior nasal conchae 2 Temporal bones 2 6 Zygomatic bones 2 Sphenoid 1 Lacrimal bones 2 Ethmoid 1 Vomer 1 Mandible 1 Hyoid bone Nasal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Lacrimal bone Vomer Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Auditory ossicles Maxilla Ethmoid Sphenoid Mandible Occipital bone © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Posterior View of the Occipital Bone Lambdoid suture Suture between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones (superior skull) Sagittal suture Suture between the two parietal bones External occipital protuberance Bulge about midway of the occipital bone Occipital bone Most posterior bone of the skull © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull
Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Major Sutures of the Skull Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipital bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance Mandible a Posterior view of the bones of the adult skull © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superior View of the Skull Parietal bones Left and right parietal bones Sagittal suture Between the two parietal bones Coronal suture Between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones Frontal bone The most anterior bone of the skullcap © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull
Major Sutures of the Skull Occipital bone Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Superior view of the bones of the adult skull Nasal bones b © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull
Major Sutures of the Skull Frontal bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line Squamous suture Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Sphenoid Nasal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Occipital bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Mastoid process Styloid process Mandible Zygomatic process of temporal bone Zygomatic arch Mental foramen Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mental protuberance Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Sphenoid Supra-orbital foramen Superior temporal line Ethmoid Frontonasal suture Squamous suture Nasal bone Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Squamous part of temporal bone Infra-orbital foramen Lambdoid suture Zygomatic bone Occipital bone Maxilla External occipital protuberance Temporal process of zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mastoid process Mantal foramen Styloid process c Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull Mental protuberance © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull
Parietal bone Coronal suture Supra-orbital foramen Sphenoid Frontal bone Temporal bone Frontonasal suture Ethmoid Optic canal Palatine bone Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Inferior nasal concha Mental foramen Vomer Mental protuberance Mandible Frontal bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Nasal bone Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Temporal bone Optic canal Sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infra-orbital foramen Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mental foramen Bony nasal septum Vomer Mandible Mental protuberance d Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anterior View of the Skull (continued) Nasal cavity Vomer Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid Nasal concha Eye socket Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Ethmoid and lacrimal bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Inferior View of the Skull Occipital bone Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Basioccipital Between the foramen magnum and the vomer Condyloid fossa Condyloid foramen (within the condyloid fossa) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

Figure 6.3e The Adult Skull
Greater palatine foramen Incisive fossa Frontal bone Palatine process of maxilla Lesser palatine foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Vomer Palatine bone Sphenoid Internal naris Foramen ovale Zygomatic arch Plates of pterygoid process Styloid process Mandibular fossa Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Temporal squama Temporal bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Condylar fossa Occipitomastoid suture Lambdoid suture Occipital condyle Occipital bone Foramen magnum Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Incisive fossa Palatine process of maxilla Greater palatine foramen Maxilla Lesser palatine foramen Palatine bone Zygomatic bone Internal naris Plates of pterygoid process Sphenoid Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Vomer Jugular foramen Foramen ovale Styloid process Foramen spinosum Stylomastoid foramen Foramen lacerum Temporal bone Carotid canal Occipitomastoid suture Mastoid process Hypoglossal canal Occipital condyle Condylar fossa Foramen magnum Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance e Inferior view of the adult skull, mandible removed © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inferior View of the Roof of the Mouth Palatine process of the maxilla (anterior palatine) Incisive fossa Incisive foramen (within the incisive fossa) Palatine bone (posterior palatine) Greater palatine foramen Lesser palatine foramen © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

Internal View of the Skull Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Cribriform plate foramina (olfactory foramina) Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Occipital bone © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I
Frontal bone Crista galli Ethmoid Cribriform plate Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Sphenoid Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Temporal bone Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Internal acoustic meatus Foramen magnum Mastoid foramen Jugular foramen Parietal bone Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone Frontal sinus Frontal bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sphenoid Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Parietal bone Temporal bone Jugular foramen Mastoid foramen Foramen magnum Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone Horizontal section © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Internal View of the Skull (continued) Foramen Optic canals Foramen rotundum Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Carotid canal Jugular foramen © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 26

Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Ethmoid bone Crista galli (anterior brain attachment) Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid Sphenoid bone Hypophyseal fossa (pituitary gland sits in this fossa for protection) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 28

Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (continued) Occipital bone Foramen magnum area Clivus (slant from the dorsum sella to the foramen magnum) Nasal cavity Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid Vomer © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II
Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus (right) Squamous suture Frontal sinus Temporal bone Crista galli Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Vomer Internal acoustic meatus Palatine bone Occipital bone Maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Mandible Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinuses (left and right) Crista galli Squamous suture Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Lambdoid suture Vomer Occipital bone Anterior nasal spine Maxilla Petrous part of temporal bone Palatine bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Mandible Hypoglossal canal Margin of foramen magnum Sagittal section Occipital condyle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sutures of the Skull Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Coronal suture
Suture between the occipital and parietal bones Sagittal suture Suture between the parietal bones Coronal suture Suture between the frontal and parietal bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 32

Sutures of the Skull Squamous suture Frontonasal suture
Suture between the temporal bone and the parietal bones Frontonasal suture Suture between the nasal and frontal bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 33

Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull
Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Major Sutures of the Skull Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipital bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance Mandible a Posterior view of the bones of the adult skull © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull
Major Sutures of the Skull Occipital bone Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Superior view of the bones of the adult skull Nasal bones b © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull
Major Sutures of the Skull Frontal bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line Squamous suture Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Sphenoid Nasal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Occipital bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Mastoid process Styloid process Mandible Zygomatic process of temporal bone Zygomatic arch Mental foramen Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mental protuberance Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Sphenoid Supra-orbital foramen Superior temporal line Ethmoid Frontonasal suture Squamous suture Nasal bone Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Squamous part of temporal bone Infra-orbital foramen Lambdoid suture Zygomatic bone Occipital bone Maxilla External occipital protuberance Temporal process of zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mastoid process Mantal foramen Styloid process c Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull Mental protuberance © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Cranium The Occipital Bone Single bone Foramen magnum
Opening for the spinal cord Occipital condyles Articulate with the first cervical vertebra Hypoglossal canals Opening for the hypoglossal nerve that innervates the tongue Condyloid foramen In the center of the condyloid fossa © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 37

Figure 6.6a The Occipital and Parietal Bones
Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Hypoglossal canal Condylar fossa Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance a Occipital bone, inferior (external) view. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.6b The Occipital and Parietal Bones
Foramen magnum Jugular notch Groove for sigmoid sinus Entrance to hypoglossal canal Fossa for cerebellum Internal occipital crest Fossa for cerebrum Internal occipital protuberance b Occipital bone, superior (internal) view. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Cranium Parietal Bones Paired bones
Internal surface retains the impression of cranial blood vessels © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 40

Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II
Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus (right) Squamous suture Frontal sinus Temporal bone Crista galli Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Vomer Internal acoustic meatus Palatine bone Occipital bone Maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Mandible Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinuses (left and right) Crista galli Squamous suture Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Lambdoid suture Vomer Occipital bone Anterior nasal spine Maxilla Petrous part of temporal bone Palatine bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Mandible Hypoglossal canal Margin of foramen magnum Sagittal section Occipital condyle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Cranium Frontal Bone Single bone
The superior ridge of the eye socket is part of the frontal bone There is a notch for the position of the ethmoid bone Cribriform plate and crista galli An internal ridge (frontal crest) is positioned anterior to the cribriform plate © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 42

Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (1 of 2)
Frontal bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Ethmoid Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Sphenoid Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Temporal bone Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Internal acoustic meatus Foramen magnum Mastoid foramen Jugular foramen Parietal bone Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone Horizontal section © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.7a The Frontal Bone
Squamous part (squamous surface) Squamous part (squamous surface) Frontal (metopic) suture Superior temporal line Superciliary arch Supra-orbital margin Supra-orbital foramen Supra-orbital notch a Anterior view (external surface) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.7c The Frontal Bone
Margin of coronal suture Squamous part Frontal crest Orbital part Notch for ethmoid c Posterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Cranium The Temporal Bone Paired bones
Squamous part of the temporal bone Relatively flat bone of the skull makes up the lateral walls of the cranium Mastoid process Consists of the mastoid sinuses Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone Styloid process Neck muscle attachment © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 46

Bones of the Cranium The Temporal Bone External acoustic meatus
Entrance into the ear canal Zygomatic process Extension of the temporal bone that articulates with the zygomatic bone Petrous portion of the temporal bone Inside the skull it forms an oblique ridge between the temporal bone and the occipital bone Houses the auditory sense organs Three auditory ossicles per ear © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 47

Figure 6.8a The Temporal Bone
Squamous part (squama) External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Zygomatc process a Right temporal bone, lateral view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.8b The Temporal Bone
External acoustic meatus Tympanic part Mastoid process, cut to show mastoid air cells b Cutaway view of the mastoid air cells © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Cranium The Sphenoid Bone Single bone Sella turcica
Dorsum sellae Hypophyseal fossa (fossa for the pituitary gland) Tuberculum sellae Anterior clinoid processes Posterior clinoid processes Optic canals Openings for the optic nerves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 50

Superior surface a Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure
Figure 6.9a The Sphenoid Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Optic groove Anterior clinoid process Lesser wing Greater wing Tuberculum sellae Foramen ovale Sella turcica Posterior clinoid process Dorsum sellae Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Foramen rotundum Anterior clinoid process Optic groove Tuberculum sellae Lesser wing Temporal bone Greater wing Middle clinoid process Foramen ovale Sella turcica Foramen spinosum Posterior clinoid process To optic canal Sphenoidal spine Dorsum sellae a Superior surface © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anterior surface Superior orbital fissure Sphenoidal sinus
Figure 6.9b The Sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Sphenoidal sinus Pterygoid canal Lesser wing Greater wing Orbital surface of greater wing Foramen rotundum Pterygoid process Lateral plate Medial plate Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Sphenoidal sinus Lesser wing Orbital surface of greater wing Body Pterygoid canal Pterygoid process Foramen rotundum Lateral plate Medial plate b Anterior surface © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Cranium The Ethmoid Bone Single bone
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid Superior portion of the nasal septum Crista galli Superior portion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid Cribriform plate Borders the crista galli Cribriform plate foramina (olfactory foramina) Openings for the olfactory nerves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 53

Ethmoidal labyrinth containing lateral masses
Figure 6.10b The Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Ethmoidal labyrinth containing lateral masses Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Anterior view b © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Cranium The Cranial Fossae Anterior cranial fossa
Consists of the frontal and ethmoid bones Middle cranial fossa Extends from the internal nares to the petrous portion of the temporal bone Consists of the sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones Posterior cranial fossa Extends from the petrous portion of the temporal bone to the posterior skull Consists mainly of the occipital bone © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 55

Figure 6.11 The Cranial Fossae
Optic groove Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Crista galli Frontal sinus Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) Posterior cranial fossa Sphenopalatine foramen Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sphenoidal sinus Sella turcica Hypoglossal canal a A sagittal section through the skull showing the relative positions of the cranial fossae. Sella turcica Entrance to optic canal Crista galli of ethmoid Occulomotor nerve Anterior clinoid process Cribriform plate Olfactory tract Optic chiasm Anterior cranial fossa Superior orbital fissure Anterior cranial fossa Optic nerve Foramen rotundum Middle cranial fossa Posterior clinoid process Middle cranial fossa Foramen ovale Midbrain Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum Petrous part of temporal bone Posterior cranial fossa Cerebral arterial circle Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen b Horizontal sections, superior view. The superior portion of the brain has been removed, but portions of the brain stem and associated nerves and blood vessels remain. Hypoglossal canal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Face The bones that make up the face are:
Maxillae (paired) Palatine (paired) Nasal (paired) Inferior nasal conchae (paired) Zygomatic (paired) Lacrimal (paired) Vomer (single) Mandible (single) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 57

Bones of the Face The Maxillae Paired bones Make up the upper jaw
Maxillary sinuses Anterior nasal spine Alveolar processes Tooth sockets © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 58

Bones of the Face The Maxillae (continued) Anterior nasal spine
Infra-orbital foramen Openings for the maxillary nerve passing through the foramen rotundum Palatine process Anterior palatine bone (roof of the mouth) Incisive foramen Opening for nerve and small arteries that innervate the palatal surface © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 59

Right maxilla, anterior and lateral surfaces
Figure 6.12 The Maxillae Maxillary sinuses Alveolar process Frontal process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic process Lacrimal groove Orbital surface Incisive canals Infra-orbital foramen Maxillary sinus Anterior nasal spine Body Incisive canal Palatine process of right maxilla Palatine process Alveolar process a Right maxilla, anterior and lateral surfaces b Right maxilla, medial surface c Superior view of a horizontal section through both maxillae and palatine bones showing the orientation of the maxillary sinuses and the structure of the bony palate © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Face The Palatine Bones Paired bones
Posterior to the palatine process of the maxillae Makes up 1/3 of the roof of the mouth © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 61

Figure 6.12c The Maxillae Maxillary sinuses Alveolar process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Incisive canals Palatine process of right maxilla c Superior view of a horizontal section through both maxillae and palatine bones showing the orientation of the maxillary sinuses and the structure of the bony palate © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Face The Nasal Bones Paired bones
Articulate with the frontal bone at the frontonasal suture The lateral edges of each nasal bone articulate with the maxillae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 63

Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (1 of 2)
Parietal bone Coronal suture Supra-orbital foramen Sphenoid Frontal bone Temporal bone Frontonasal suture Ethmoid Optic canal Palatine bone Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Inferior nasal concha Mental foramen Vomer Mental protuberance Mandible d Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Face The Inferior Nasal Conchae Paired bones
Attached to the lateral wall of each nasal cavity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 65

Bones of the Face The Zygomatic Bones Paired bones
Articulates with the maxillae and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the frontal bone Makes up the lateral wall of the eye socket © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 67

Bones of the Face The Lacrimal Bones Paired bones
Smallest bones of the skull Positioned on the medial aspect of the eye socket (anterior to the ethmoid bone) Consists of a lacrimal foramen (nasolacrimal canal) Drains tears into the nasal cavity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 69

Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (1 of 2)
Major Sutures of the Skull Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line Squamous suture Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Sphenoid Nasal bone Temporal bone Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Occipital bone External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Mastoid process Styloid process Mandible Zygomatic process of temporal bone Zygomatic arch Mental foramen Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mental protuberance c Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex (1 of 2)
Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Optic canal Palatine bone Sphenoid Ethmoid Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Lacrimal groove Inferior orbital fissure Nasolacrimal canal Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Face The Vomer Single bone
Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 72

Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II (1 of 2)
Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus (right) Squamous suture Frontal sinus Temporal bone Crista galli Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Vomer Internal acoustic meatus Palatine bone Occipital bone Maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Mandible Sagittal section © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Face The Mandible Single bone Makes up the lower jaw
Head (mandibular condyle) Articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone Mandibular notch Coronoid process © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 75

Bones of the Face The Mandible (continued) Ramus Angle Body
Alveolar process (tooth sockets) Mental foramina (openings for the passage of nerves) Mental protuberance (bony ridge on the anterior edge) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 76

Superior and lateral surfaces
Figure 6.14a The Mandible Head Alveolar part Teeth (molar) Mylohyoid line Coronoid process Condylar process Body Mandibular notch Ramus Mental foramen Mental protuberance Angle a Superior and lateral surfaces © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the Hyoid Bone
The Orbital Complex Made of 7 bony structures Frontal (roof of the orbit) Zygomatic (lateral edge of the orbit) Maxilla (floor of the orbit) Palatine bone (part of the floor of the orbit) Lacrimal bone (medial edge of the orbit) Ethmoid bone (medial edge of the orbit) Sphenoid bone (posterior edge of the orbit) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 78

Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex
Supra-orbital notch Frontal bone Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Optic canal Optic canal Sphenoid Palatine bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid Ethmoid Ethmoid Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Lacrimal groove Infra-orbital groove Inferior orbital fissure Nasolacrimal canal Zygomatic bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Maxillary bone Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen Infra-orbital foramen Nasolacrimal canal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Orbital Complex (continued) Inferior orbital fissure (opening for the following nerve) Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve Optic canal (opening for the following nerve) Optic nerve © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 81

Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex
Supra-orbital notch Frontal bone Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Optic canal Optic canal Sphenoid Palatine bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid Ethmoid Ethmoid Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Lacrimal groove Infra-orbital groove Inferior orbital fissure Nasolacrimal canal Zygomatic bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Maxillary bone Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen Infra-orbital foramen Nasolacrimal canal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Nasal Complex Nasal septum Vomer Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid Ethmoid bone Crista galli Superior and middle nasal conchae Maxillary bone Inferior nasal conchae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 83

Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II (1 of 2)
Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus (right) Squamous suture Frontal sinus Temporal bone Crista galli Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Vomer Internal acoustic meatus Palatine bone Occipital bone Maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Mandible Sagittal section © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull
Parietal bone Coronal suture Supra-orbital foramen Sphenoid Frontal bone Temporal bone Frontonasal suture Ethmoid Optic canal Palatine bone Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Inferior nasal concha Mental foramen Vomer Mental protuberance Mandible Frontal bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Nasal bone Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Temporal bone Optic canal Sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infra-orbital foramen Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mental foramen Bony nasal septum Vomer Mandible Mental protuberance d Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Nasal Complex (continued) Ethmoid bone Notice how the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid protrudes into the cranial cavity forming the crista galli The paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinuses Ethmoidal air sacs © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 86

Figure 6.16a The Nasal Complex and Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus a Locations of the paranasal sinuses © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex and Paranasal Sinuses
Nasal septum Cranial cavity Perpendicular plate Ethmoid Frontal bone Crista galli Ethmoidal air cells Zygomatic bone ORBIT Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Maxillary sinus Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Left nasal cavity Mandible b A diagrammatic frontal section showing the positions of the paranasal sinuses © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Does not articulate with any other bone It is suspended inferior to the skull The inferior portion is connected to the thyrohyoid ligament The superior portion is suspended from the mandible via muscles Stylohyoid muscle Digastric muscle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 89

The isolated hyoid bone, anterosuperior view
Figure 6.17 The Hyoid Bone Greater horn Styloid process (temporal bone) Lesser horn Mastoid process (temporal bone) Mandible Digastric muscle (anterior belly) Body Stylohyoid ligament b The isolated hyoid bone, anterosuperior view Greater horn Stylohyoid muscle Lesser horn Digastric muscle (posterior belly) Thyrohyoid ligament Thyroid cartilage a Anterior view showing the relationship of the hyoid bone to the skull, the larynx, and selected skeletal muscles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skulls of Infants, Children, and Adults
Major features of the infant skull 4 major fontanel areas Membranous areas where sutures will eventually form Allow for distortion of the skull during childbirth Anterior fontanel (baby’s “soft spot”) Posterior fontanel Sphenoidal fontanels Mastoid fontanels © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 92

Figure 6.18 The Skull of an Infant
Sagittal suture Fontanels Sphenoidal fontanel Mastoid fontanel Parietal bone Anterior fontanel Coronal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Frontal suture Greater wing of sphenoid Frontal bone Nasal bone Frontal suture Maxilla Mandible Temporal bone Squamous suture Occipital bone Lambdoid suture a Lateral view b Anterior/superior view Fontanels Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Coronal suture Parietal bone Sagittal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Frontal suture Sagittal suture Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Occipital bone c Superior view d Posterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Review of the Skull There are 22 bones of the skull Facial bones
Maxillae – 2 Palatine bones – 2 Nasal bones – 2 Inferior nasal conchae – 2 Zygomatic bones – 2 Lacrimal bones – 2 Vomer – 1 Mandible – 1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 94

Review of the Skull (continued)
There are 22 bones of the skull Cranial bones Occipital bone – 1 Parietal bones – 2 Frontal bone – 1 Temporal bones – 2 Sphenoid bone – 1 Ethmoid bone – 1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 95

Review of the Skull (continued)
There are 7 associated bones of the skull Associated bones Auditory ossicles – 6 Hyoid bone – 1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 96

The Vertebral Column The adult vertebral column is made up of 26 bones
24 vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) 1 coccyx (3 to 5 fused vertebrae) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 97

The Vertebral Column Functional Anatomy of the Vertebral Column
Encloses and protects the spinal cord Supports the skull Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk Transfers weight to the lower limbs Helps maintain the upright position of the body © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 98

Figure 6.19ab The Vertebral Column
SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after birth. Regions are defined by anatomical characteristics of individual vertebrae. Cervical curve. A secondary curve; develops as the infant learns to balance the Weight of the head on the vertebrae of the neck. Cervical Thoracic curve. A primary curve; accommodates the thoracic organs. Thoracic Lumbar curve. A secondary curve; balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs; it develops with the ability to stand. Lumbar Sacral curve. A primary curve; accommodates the abdomino- pelvic organs. Sacral Coccygeal b Normal vertebral column, lateral view a a The major divisions of the vertebral column showing the four adult spinal curves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Spinal Curves
There are 4 major curves of the vertebral column Cervical curve Thoracic curve Lumbar curve Sacral curve These curves, along with muscle attachment to the various vertebral processes, help to maintain balance © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 100

Figure 6.19ab The Vertebral Column
SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after birth. Regions are defined by anatomical characteristics of individual vertebrae. Cervical curve. A secondary curve; develops as the infant learns to balance the Weight of the head on the vertebrae of the neck. Cervical Thoracic curve. A primary curve; accommodates the thoracic organs. Thoracic Lumbar curve. A secondary curve; balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs; it develops with the ability to stand. Lumbar Sacral curve. A primary curve; accommodates the abdomino- pelvic organs. Sacral Coccygeal b Normal vertebral column, lateral view a a The major divisions of the vertebral column showing the four adult spinal curves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column
Scoliosis Abnormal lateral curvature Kyphosis Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic region Lordosis Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 102

The Vertebral Column Spinal Curves The developing infant lacks balance
They lack the proper curvature They lack muscle coordination © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 104

Figure 6.19d The Vertebral Column
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral 2 fetal months 6 fetal months Newborn 4-year-old 13-year-old Adult d The development of spinal curves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy The vertebral body
Supports weight along the axis of the body An anterior structure A vertebral body is separated from another vertebral body by a pad of cartilage called the intervertebral disc © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 106

Figure 6.20de Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular facets Superior articular process Lamina of vertebral arch Intervertebral foramen Intervertebral disc Spinous process Intervertebral disc Transverse process Vertebral body Vertebral body Inferior articular process Arrow passing through vertebral canal Inferior articular facet d A posterior view of three articulated vertebrae e A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy The vertebral arch Spina bifida
Forms the vertebral foramen Made of pedicle and lamina Spinous process projects posteriorly Transverse processes project laterally Spina bifida Malformation of the structures making up the vertebral arch © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 108

Figure 6.23a Thoracic Vertebrae
Spinous process of vertebra prominens C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Intervertebral foramen T10 T11 T12 a Lateral view of the thoracic region of the vertebral column. The vertebra prominens (C7) resembles T1, but it lacks facets for rib articulation. Vertebra T12 resembles the first lumbar vertebra (L1), but it has a facet for rib articulation. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.23c Thoracic Vertebrae
Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib Spinous process Lamina Transverse costal facet Transverse process Superior articular facet Superior costal facet Superior articular process Pedicle Vertebral body Superior costal facet Inferior costal facet Vertebral foramen c A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy The articular processes
Superior articular surface Inferior articular process Vertebral articulation Vertebral bodies are separated by intervertebral discs This results in creating a space called the intervertebral foramen © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 112

Figure 6.20e Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular facets Lamina of vertebral arch Intervertebral foramen Intervertebral disc Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral body Arrow passing through vertebral canal Inferior articular facet e A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Vertebral Regions Numbering system of vertebrae
Cervical region C1, C2, C3, etc. Thoracic region T1, T2, T3, etc. Lumbar region L1, L2, L3, etc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 114

Figure 6.19a The Vertebral Column
SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal a The major divisions of the vertebral column showing the four adult spinal curves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae There are 7
Support the weight of the head Spinous processes are bifid except for C7 All have transverse foramen Two cervical vertebrae have specific names C1 is the atlas C2 is the axis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 116

Figure 6.22abcd Atlas and Axis
Posterior tubercle Vertebral foramen Posterior arch Vertebral foramen Facet for dens Transverse process Transverse foramen Superior articular facet Costal process Anterior arch Inferior articular facet Superior articular process Anterior tubercle a Atlas, superior view b Atlas, inferior view Spinous process Lamina Inferior articular process Vertebral foramen Vertebral foramen Inferior articular facet Transverse foramen Transverse process Vertebral body Superior articular facet Vertebral body Pedicle Dens Superior articular process c Axis, superior view d Axis, inferior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column The Atlas (C1) The Axis (C2)
Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull Does not have a body Has the largest vertebral foramen of all vertebrae Allows the head to nod in a “yes” manner The Axis (C2) Has a dens The transverse ligament binds the dens to the atlas Allows the head to move in a “no” manner © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 118

Figure 6.22ef Atlas and Axis
Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Transverse ligament Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) f The articulated atlas (C1) and axis (C2) showing the transverse ligament that holds the dens of the axis in position at the articular facet of the atlas e The articulated atlas and axis, in superior and posterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Thoracic Vertebrae There are 12
All have rib articulation points They support the ribs Most spinous processes point inferiorly © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 120

Figure 6.23a Thoracic Vertebrae
Spinous process of vertebra prominens C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Intervertebral foramen T10 T11 T12 a Lateral view of the thoracic region of the vertebral column. The vertebra prominens (C7) resembles T1, but it lacks facets for rib articulation. Vertebra T12 resembles the first lumbar vertebra (L1), but it has a facet for rib articulation. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.23c Thoracic Vertebrae
Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib Spinous process Lamina Transverse costal facet Transverse process Superior articular facet Superior costal facet Superior articular process Pedicle Vertebral body Superior costal facet Inferior costal facet Vertebral foramen c A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column Lumbar Vertebrae There are 5
Support the weight of the torso Vertebral bodies are quite large Spinous process points posteriorly © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 123

Figure 6.24a Lumbar Vertebrae
Superior articular process Transverse process Pedicle Vertebral body Vertebral body Spinous process Spinous process Inferior articular process Inferior articular facet a A representative lumbar vertebra, lateral view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column The Sacrum
There is one sacrum but consists of five fused vertebrae Structures of the sacrum Sacral hiatus Median sacral crest Entrance to sacral canal Sacral foramina © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 125

Figure 6.25 The Sacrum and Coccyx
Articular process Entrance to sacral canal Base Sacral promontory Ala Ala Sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Transverse lines Sacral foramina Median sacral crest Sacral hiatus Sacral curve Sacral cornu Apex Coccygeal cornu Coccyx a Posterior view b Lateral view c Anterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column The Coccyx
Consists of three to five fused vertebrae Adult male coccyx points anteriorly Adult female coccyx points inferiorly Coccyx consists of the coccygeal cornu © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 127

The Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage has two functions
It protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other structures within the cavity It serves as the attachment site for muscles involved in: Respiration Positioning the vertebral column Movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 128

The Thoracic Cage The Ribs Two types of rib classification
Ribs (one type of classification) True ribs: 1–7 False ribs: 8–12 Ribs (another type of classification) Vertebrosternal ribs: 1–7 Vertebrochondral ribs: 8–10 Vertebral ribs (floating ribs): 11–12 (no anterior cartilage) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 129

Figure 6.26a The Thoracic Cage
Jugular notch T1 Clavicular articulation 1 Sternum 2 Manubrium 3 Body True ribs (ribs 1–7) Xiphoid process 4 5 Costal cartilages 10 6 Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) T11 T12 7 11 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 8 False ribs (ribs 8–12) 9 a Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Thoracic Cage The Ribs 12 pairs of ribs
Each rib articulates with a thoracic vertebra Structures of a rib Head Neck Tubercle Angle Costal groove Body © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 131

Figure 6.26d The Thoracic Cage
Head Neck Tubercle Attachment to costal cartilage (sternal end) Articular facets Body Angle Costal groove d A posterior and medial view showing major anatomical landmarks on an isolated left rib (rib 10) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.26a The Thoracic Cage
Jugular notch T1 Clavicular articulation 1 Sternum 2 Manubrium 3 Body True ribs (ribs 1–7) Xiphoid process 4 5 Costal cartilages 10 6 Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) T11 T12 7 11 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 8 False ribs (ribs 8–12) 9 a Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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