BIOMOLECULES Turner High School  2013

Atoms (Elements) Needed for Life to Survive  C – carbon  H – hydrogen  N – nitrogen  O – oxygen  P – phosphorus  S – sulfur Life is built from these elements.

Bonds Hold Life Together!  Inside molecules  Ionic bonds: electrons are transferred from one atom to another; weaker  Covalent bonds: electrons are shared between atoms; stronger  Connecting one molecule to another  Peptide: covalent bond between amino acids  Hydrogen: (+) and (-) attraction, very weak

 Carbohydrates  Proteins  Lipids  Nucleic Acids There are 4 Macromolecules of Life: Organic compounds = based on carbon

 These macromolecules (large molecules) are called polymers.  Polymers are made of smaller units called monomers.

Two Processes that Build & Break Apart Polymers into Monomers Hydrolysis (digestion) – breaking bonds between molecules. Dehydration Synthesis – forming bonds between molecules by removing water.

Carbohydrates -Contain ONLY C, H, O -Ratio (1:2:1) -Main source of energy -Structural support of cell walls in plants and exoskeletons of animals (ex. insects and crustaceans) -Monomer (basic unit) = glucose 1

Three types: -Monosaccharide ex. glucose -Disaccharide ex. sucrose -Polysaccharide ex. starches Carbohydrates 1

-Contains: C, H, O, N -Build cells (ex. bones & muscles) -Controls metabolic reactions (ex. enzymes speed up or slow down reactions in organisms) -Part of cell transport -Help fight disease Proteins 2

Monomer = amino acids Proteins are long chains of amino acids Proteins 2

Contain C, H, O -Used to store energy -Important parts of cell membranes ex. whale blubber -Helps animals conserve heat (insulation) -Major component in waxy covering of plants -Important in signaling molecules Lipids 3

Monomer = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids Sterols ex. cholesterol Glycerides Monoglyceride Diglyceride Triglyceride Hormones Phospholipids Lipids 3

Two types: -Saturated: solid at room temperature ex.: animal fat, butter, waxes -Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature ex.: oils, omega-3 fatty acids Lipids 3

Contain C, H, N, O, P, and sometimes S Store and transmit genetic information in a cell for proteins to be made (protein synthesis) Monomers = nucleotides -5 carbon sugar -Phosphate group -Nitrogenous base Nucleic Acids 4

RNA & DNA ATP Nucleic Acids 4