Chapter 5 The Roman Republic

Timeline

The Emergence of Rome Geography of Italy 750 miles long; 120 miles across Mountains and Plains Islands Rome Tiber River Mediterranean Sea

Map 5.1: Ancient Italy

The Greeks, Etruscans, and Early Rome The Greeks Arrived between 750 – 550 B.C. Influence on Romans The Etruscans Origins Urbanization Early Rome Romulus and Remus (753 B.C.) Monarchy Etruscan influence Founding of the Republic (c. 509 B.C.)

The Roman State Political Institutions Consuls and Praetors Imperium Specialized Officials Quaestors, Aediles, Censors Roman Senate 300 Men served for life Centuriate Assembly Social Organization Paterfamilias Clientage Patricians and Plebeians

The Struggle of the Orders Political Inequality Plebeians withdraw from the state (494 B.C.) Tribunes of the Plebs Council of the Plebs Plebiscita The Twelve Tables of Law (450 B.C.) Hortensian Law (287 B.C.) Consequences of the struggle between the orders

The Roman Conquest of Italy Livy Conquest of the Samnites (beginning c. 340 B.C.) Roman Confederation Citizenship Opportunistic Expansion Roads Obligatory Military Service

Roman Roads in Italy, c. 100 B.C.

Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264 – 133 B.C.) The Struggle with Carthage First Punic War (264 – 241 B.C.) Roman conquest of Sicily Second Punic War (218 – 205 B.C.) Hannibal  Invasion of Italy  Battle of Cannae (216 B.C.) Battle of Zama Roman conquest of Spain Third Punic War (149 – 146 B.C.) Cato Carthage destroyed

Map 5.2: Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean, B.C.

The Eastern Mediterranean & Roman Imperialism The Eastern Mediterranean Greek support for Carthage Macedonia made Roman province (148 B.C.) Corinth destroyed (146 B.C.) Acquisition of Pergamum (133 B.C.) The Nature of Roman Imperialism Opportunistic expansion Willful expansion

Roman Religion Religion and the State Adoption of New Deities Greco-Roman Religion Rituals Omens Household Cults Religious Festivals

The Temple of Diana – Nimes, Southern France

Education: The Importance of Rhetoric Rome had no public education Greek Studies Rhetoric and philosophy Schools

Schoolmaster and Pupils

The Growth of Slavery Slaves from conquests Slave Occupations Latifundia Treatment of Slaves Slave Laws Slave Revolts Revolt in Sicily (104 – 101 B.C.) Revolt by Spartacus (73 B.C.)

Roman Family, Roman Law The Roman Family Paterfamilias Authority Arranged marriages  Divorce Education of daughters The Evolution of Roman Law The Twelve Tables (450 B.C.) Praetors Law of Nations Law of Nature

A Roman Lady

The Development of Literature and Art Literature Plautus (c. 254 – 184 B.C.) Terence (185 – 159 B.C.) Latin Prose Influence of Hellenistic Art Values and Attitudes Cato the Elder (234 – 149 B.C.) Scipio Aemilianus (185 – 129 B.C.)

The Pont du Gard – Roman Aqueduct Provence, France

Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133 – 31 B.C.) Power of the Senate Control of the Nobiles (Governing Class) Optimates Populares Rule of the Equestrians The Land Problem Latifundias Tiberius Gracchus (163 – 133 B.C.) Gaius Gracchus (153 – 121 B.C.)

A New Role for the Roman Army: Marius and Sulla Marius (consul 107, 104 – 100 B.C.) Military reforms Lucius Cornelius Sulla (dictator 82 – 79 B.C.) Seizes power using the army Reign of terror against opponents

The Death of the Republic The Rise of Pompey Role of Marcus Tullius Cicero ( 106 – 43 B.C.) First Triumvirate (Crassus, Pompey and Caesar) Julius Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.) Conquest of Gaul (Modern France) Crosses the Rubicon River (49 B.C.) Defeats Pompey Dictator in 47 B.C.; Dictator for Life in 44 B.C. Reconstitutes Senate Assassinated (44 B.C.) Octavian and Marc Antony Cleopatra Queen of Egypt Battle of Actium (31 B.C.) Marc Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide

Map 5.3: Roman Dominions in the Late Republic, 31 B.C.

Literature in the Late Republic Catullus (born c. 82 B.C.) Lucretius (c. 94 – 55 B.C.) Cicero (106 – 43 B.C.) Sallust (86 – 35 B.C.) Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.)

Discussion Questions Why were the Romans able to defeat or subdue all their enemies in the Italian peninsula? What were the keys to the Roman defeat of Carthage during the Punic Wars? What influence did Greece and other Italian peoples have on the Romans? What was the nature of Roman Imperialism? Did slavery have a positive or negative effect on the Roman Republic? What factors brought about the downfall of the Roman Republic?

Web Links The Mysterious Etruscans Internet Ancient History Sourcebook - Rome Encyclopedia Mythica: Roman Mythology Rome Exposed Hannibal Barca and the Punic Wars Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome The Glory that was Rome Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator