1. Chapter 4: The Roman Republic
I. Beginning of Roman Civilization

2. Geographic Features Italian Peninsula Apennine Mountains Mare Nostrum
Farming
Apennine Mountains
Mare Nostrum

3. Early Inhabitants
Latins
Phoenicians
Greeks
Etruscans

4. Founding of Rome On the Tiber River “League of the Seven Hills”
Palatine Hill
“League of the Seven Hills”
Beginning of the city of Rome
Romulus and Remus

5. Early Society and Government
Family
Basic unit of early Roman society
Small, self-sufficient community
Father was sole authority

6. Early Society and Government
Clan
Tribe
Two social classes
Patricians: aristocracy
Plebeians: common people

7. Early Society and Government
Monarchy
King was chief priest, commander of army, and administrator of justice
Imperium
Fasces
Senate

8. Chapter 4: The Roman Republic
II. The Early Roman Republic

9. Establishment Republic established in 509 BC Consuls Senate
Most important and powerful
Assembly of Centuries
Senate had veto power

10. Struggle Within the Republic
Patricians dominated
Plebeians had few privileges and little voice in government
Concessions gained:
Plebiscites
Tribune
Veto

11. Struggle Within the Republic
Laws
Tablets hung in the Roman Forum
Law of Twelve Tables
Tribal Assembly
New class distinction
Rich vs. poor

12. Chapter 4: The Roman Republic
III. The Mediterranean—A Roman Sea

13. Rome—The Master of Italy
Defeated the Latin cities
Southern Italy
Pyrrhus
Controlled all of Italian peninsula by 265 BC
Latins, Etruscans, Greeks
Treated with mercy, fairness

14. Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean
Conflict with Carthage
Three wars
Between 264 and 146 BC
Territory
Trade
Punic wars

15. Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean
The First Punic War ( BC)
Island of Sicily
Roman navy
Rome eventually prevailed
Terms of settlement

16. Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean
The Second Punic War ( BC)
Hannibal
Very successful in Italy
Battle of Cannae
Romans nearly wiped out

17. Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean
The Second Punic War ( BC)
Scipio
Attacked in North Africa
Hannibal ordered back home
Battle of Zama
Results

18. Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean
The Third Punic War ( BC)
Cato
Three-year siege
Destruction of Carthage

19. Rome—The Master of the Eastern Mediterranean
Defeated Macedonia and Syria
Alliance with Egypt
Rome allowed some self-government and local freedom
Payment of tribute

20. Chapter 4: The Roman Republic
IV. Decline into a Dictatorship

21. Problems Small farmers Senate increased its power Corruption
Unwilling to address social and economic problems
Corruption
Publicans

22. Failure of Reform Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Strove for reforms
Changes in land policy
Tiberius sought reelection as tribune and was killed
Gaius lost his life

23. The First Civil War Marius becomes champion of the common people
Military hero
Created a professional army
Served for financial gain
Loyal to its commander

24. The First Civil War Senate appointed Sulla as general Sulla victorious
Tribal assembly appointed Marius
Sulla victorious
Became dictator
Reorganized government

25. The Second Civil War Crassus Pompey Julius Caesar Triumvirate
Had wealth
Pompey
Had support of Senate
Julius Caesar
Had support of people
Triumvirate

26. The Second Civil War Caesar became governor of Gaul Crassus had died
Commentaries on the Gallic War
Crassus had died
Pompey got support of the Senate

27. The Second Civil War Caesar crossed the Rubicon
Defeated Pompey’s army
Caesar becomes dictator for life
Reforms
Death—“Ides” of March

28. The Third Civil War Mark Antony Octavian
Agreed to each rule half the territory
Ambition led to war
31 BC: Battle of Actium
Octavian victorious

29. The Third Civil War Beginning of period of Roman Empire
Imperators ruled with supreme power