1. Map Questions 1.How do you think the role of the Alps and the Apennines Mountains helped the development of the Roman Empire? How do you think it hindered the development? 2.How do you think Rome’s location on the Italian Peninsula helped protect the city? How do you think this location may have hurt the city?

2. Founding a Republic Questions Identify Elements of the geography of Italy and Rome. What is the creation story linked to Rome? Who were the early rulers of Rome and what were they like?

3. Chapter 7 Section 1:Founding the Roman Republic

4. Geography - Positive Alps to north: protection against invaders Central location in the Mediterranean – Control East and West Apennine Mountains: – Did not prevent trade

6. Geography - Negative Alps separate Italy from Europe Passages through the Alps Enemies could attack. Long coastlines: Italy vulnerable to naval attacks

7. Founding Of Rome Etruscan Monarchs: (Late 600’s BC) – Came from the North – Ruled Rome Brought written language, fine arts, paved roads, and sewers. Influenced Roman culture Built Rome into large city Romulus and Remus?

8. Greeks and Rome Greeks: Settled in Southern Italy and Sicily Influenced Roman religion – Same gods/myths with different names ~Jupiter – Roman ~Zeus – Gree k

9. Strategic Location *Rome built on 7 hills along the Tiber River. – 15 miles from the coast *Protected from sea invasion *Located at shallowest location of river. – perfect for trading

10. Early Roman Republic *509 BC: Roman Aristocrats overthrew Etruscan Monarchy *Established a Republic: –form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state *Only male citizens could vote

11. Senate *Most powerful *The Senate could… –Controlled public funds –Decided foreign policy –Emergency: could propose for a dictator. *Dictator- ruled for six-months & had total control of army and courts

12. Magistrates *Consuls – two elected officials who served 1 year terms *Governed with advice from senate *Consuls powers: –Ran government –commanded army –appointed dictators –Had veto power –“I Forbid”

13. Magistrates *Praetors – assisted the consuls –Commanded armies in times of war –Oversaw Roman legal system –Interpreted Roman law

14. Magistrates *Censors: Became Powerful –Registered citizens according to wealth –Appointed candidates to the Senate –Oversaw moral character of citizens

15. Assemblies *Made up of citizens -Voted on laws -Elected officials including the consuls -Served as courts *Elected 10 tribunes: had power over Senate. -could refuse actions of the Senate.

16. Conflict of the Orders *Struggle of common people to gain more rights in the Roman Republic *Rome = two classes

17. Patricians vs. Plebeians *Powerful, noble landowners *Controlled government *Inherited power * Majority of the population * Farmers and workers * Few rights: voted but could not hold office * Could not serve as judges * Laws: Not written down

18. Plebeians Gain Rights * Gained rights to: - Right to join army - hold office - form assemblies - elect tribunes * Twelve Tables – 450 B.C. - Written Roman Law placed in the Forum for all to read

19. Nobility in the Republic * By 342 B.C. – A plebeian always held one consul position. -Some became wealthy: considered nobles -Distinctions faded btw. two classes * Nobles controlled the Republic. -Public officials: Unpaid

20. The Republic Grows * By 265 B.C. Roman control- led all of Italy south of Rubicon River

21. Role of the Roman Army * Adult male citizens who owned land: required to serve * Strict Discipline: -enforced by soldiers themselves -Well trained with high morale

22. Roman Army *Legion: -Major unit of Roman Army -4,500 – 6,000 soldiers *Auxilia: -Unit of noncitizens

24. Ruling the Conquered *Romans ruled conquered people well -Wanted loyalty to Rome -Full citizenship to Italians -Partial citizenship to people of distant cities. ~ex. Greece

25. Ruling the Conquered *Conquered people expected to: -Serve in army -Provide farmland *Conquering spread: -Latin language -Roman law -Culture