1. Rome: From Republic to Civil War OUTLINE Royal Rome (753-509 BC) Early Roman Republic (509-287 BC) Roman Conquests Impact of Conquests Continued Upheaval Downfall of the Republic IDENTIFICATIONS Imperium Roman Senate Roman Republic Consul Patrician Plebeians Punic Wars Sulla Julius Caesar

2. Italy, 380 BC

3. Royal Rome (753-509 BC) Structure of the Political Order King (rex) King (rex) –Power of the imperium Senate (Conscript Fathers) Senate (Conscript Fathers) –Main arbiter of power Centuriate Assembly Centuriate Assembly –Elects senior magistrates –Invests magistrates with imperium

4. Struggle of Orders (5th-3rd c. BC) Twelve Tables: codified law, c. 450 BC Twelve Tables: codified law, c. 450 BC Plebeian Assembly, Tribunes of the People Plebeian Assembly, Tribunes of the People Licinian-Sextian Laws (367 BC) Licinian-Sextian Laws (367 BC) –Established the right of Plebeians to hold office of Consul Hortensian Law (287 BC) Hortensian Law (287 BC) –Plebiscites have the force of law on all citizens

5. Structure of Government Other Magistrates – –Censors: census and tax functions – –Usually ex-consuls – –Praetors: judicial & military functions – –Quaestor: financial administrator – –Aediles: municipal official – –Lictors: minor officials, carry fasces, not elected Consuls: 2 elected yearly – –imperium Senate (life terms for 300) – –Old royal council, now advisory body Centuriate Assembly: tradition of clan and military organization Plebeian assembly: elects 10 tribunes yearly – –veto power, persons sacrosanct, intermissio The patron / client relationship was the fundamental relationship governing all careers and social interaction in Rome: Almost all Romans were both clients and patrons

6. Evolution of the Republic 509 BC:Roman Republic 500-287: Struggle of the Orders 450 BC:Twelve Tables – –Intermarriage permitted – –Debt bondage eliminated 367 BC:Consulship open to Plebeians 287 BC:Rise of Tribunes and Plebeian authority

7. Roman Magistracies Consuls: 2 elected annually Consuls: 2 elected annually –Exclusively from the patrician class until 367 BC –Held power of the imperium –Chief executives of Republic –Eponymous-the year they served bears their names –Usually achieve office at age 35-40

8. Praetor—judges and military officers Praetor—judges and military officers –Often rule various aspects of society, i.e. governors of territories and of Rome –Reach office at age 30-35 Aediles—in charge of city services Aediles—in charge of city services –Grain supply, water, weights & measures, city watch, entertainment –Reach office at age 25-30 Quaestors—financial and tax officials Quaestors—financial and tax officials –Reach office at age 20-25 Censor—former consuls Censor—former consuls –Elected every five years to take census –Establish eligibility of senators

9. Fasces: Symbol of State Authority

10. Tribune—officer of the Plebian Assembly Tribune—officer of the Plebian Assembly –Had to be a plebeian –Ten elected annually –Responsible for protecting rights of the people –Can veto (“I forbid” in Latin) any act of Senate deemed harmful to popular interest –“intercessio” authority to intervene between citizen and magistrate to prevent abuse of power –Sacrosanctity: person of Tribune inviolate

11. Organization of the Early Roman Republic (509-287 BC) Senate selected (by censor) for life Senate selected (by censor) for life Assemblies (all citizens) Assemblies (all citizens) –Centuriate Assembly (6th c. BC) Organization of the army Organization of the army –Citizen soldiers (self- armed) –Obligation and right to serve

12. The Expansion of Rome Control over Italy 338-265 BC “All Roads lead to Rome”

13. Rome’s new territories Expansion of Roman Citizenship Expansion of Roman Citizenship –Municipia (sing.=municipium)  Cities become “friends of Rome” ()  Cities become “friends of Rome” (socii) –Latin rights:  Protection from enemies  Must provide soldiers for legions  Share in the spoils  No voting privileges –Civitas sine sufragium

14. Punic Wars Red: Rome & Roman Confederation Blue: Territories controlled by Carthage Green: Carthaginian territories lost in the 1st Punic War

15. The Punic Wars 264-241: First Punic War starts over Sicily Naval war: Romans lose at first but devise new tactics to win Hamilcar Barca leads Carthaginian force Carthage pays indemnity of 200K pounds of silver, Carthage pays indemnity of 200K pounds of silver, loses Sicily and Sardinia

16. Second Punic War ( Second Punic War (218-202 BC) War starts over Spain Invasion of Italy 216-205 BC Roman losses at Lake Trasimene (217 BC) and Cannae (216 BC) Hannibal and Scipio battle at Zama in 202 BC Macedonian Campaigns (215-168 BC)

17. Second Punic War, 218-202 BC

18. Goal to destroy Carthage Cato the Censor “Carthago delenda est” Carthage must be destroyed) Conquest of Greece Third Punic War 149-146

19. Punic Wars

20. Punic Wars:The Struggle with Carthage

21. War’s Effects on Government How does stratified society maintain political cohesion? Loss of farms, increase in urban poor Influx of wealth into Rome Slaves Booty Commercial opportunities in new territories

22. Constitutional Conflict Tiberius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus –Tribune (133 BC)  Issue: Land Reform  Legacy of Pergamum  Killed in riot 132 BC Gaius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus –Tribune (123-121 BC)  Equestrians emerge as political force  Grain subsidy and land redistribution

23. Consequences of Success How do military virtues translate into civilian ones? – –133 BC: Tiberius Gracchus and Populist Reforms – –2nd BC: Era of Generals   Competition—Sulla versus Marius Threats to Republican Stability

24. The Era of the Generals and the Loss of Republican Ideals Gaius Marius (157 – 86 BC) Client Armies Sulla (138-78 BC) March on Rome: Consul 88 BC Civil War: 83 BCE Appointed Dictator: 82–79 BC Suppression of Traditional Rights Proscription (publishing a notice) Sulla

25. Great Generals don’t make Great Republics Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BCE) adulescens carnifax Follower of Sulla Triumph and Popularity 70 BCE: Consul at only 36 years Defeat of Asia Minor & Seleucid Empire by 62BCE “Stop quoting the laws to us. We carry swords!”

26. Mediterranean World, 220 BC

27. Roman Empire, 52 BC

28. Late Republic (121-44 BC) Novus Homo “New Men” Novus Homo “New Men” (c. 157–86 BC) Gaius Marius (c. 157–86 BC) –Consul (107–100 BC) –Client Armies (c. 138–78 BC) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 138–78 BC) –Uprisings in Italy (91 BC) –Uprising in Asia Minor (88 BC) –Returned to Rome (83 BC)

29. Downfall of the Republic Gnaeus Pompey (106 – 48 BC) Gnaeus Pompey (106 – 48 BC) First Triumvirate (60 – 53 BC) First Triumvirate (60 – 53 BC) –Pompey –Crassus –Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) Rule of Caesar Rule of Caesar –Led army against Rome (49 BC) –Defeated enemies (45 BC) –Appointed as dictator (48 BC) –Extended tenure (45 BC) –Ides of March (15 March 44 BC )

30. Roman Empire, 44 BC