Making it useful

Organic Chemistry What element provides the backbone for all life? What property makes it so special?

Good ol’ Carbon 4 electrons in valence that can have 8 Can covalently bond with 4 other elements Strong bonds!! Can form different shapes

Macromolecules aka Polymers 4 different types Formed by groups of carbon molecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Each has unique characteristic

Carbohydrates 1 Carbon 2 Hydrogen 1 Oxygen (CH 2 O) n Provide easy energy 3 types with different functions Monosaccharide Glucose Disaccharide Sucrose, lactose Polysaccharide Glycogen

Hitting the Wall The destructive power of extreme endurance races 2 halves to a marathon First 20 miles and the last 6 miles Glycogen stores are burned up after 20 miles Body starts to burn protein Bonking

Carbs as structural support Chitin and Cellulose Exoskeletons (Lobsters) Plant cell walls

Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes Do no like water Major energy storage Saturated, Unsaturated, & Polyunsaturated

Phospholipids Provide structure for cell membrane Two parts, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Separates inside from outside

Proteins Made of carbon compounds called amino acids Amino acids: Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sometimes sulfur

Share common structure Four Carbon covalent bonds: Hydrogen (-H) Amino group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH) Variable group (-R)

Proteins Made up of combinations of amino acids These amino acids joined by covalent bonds called peptide bonds. Primary structure is when the amino acids are formed Secondary structure is when the chain forms 3D structure Tertiary structure is when pleats and helices form glob Quaternary structure forms when proteins combine

Protein Function 15% of total body mass Involved in nearly every bodily function Muscles, skin, hair, cells 10,000 different proteins provide structural support, transport substances, cell communication, chemical reactions

Nucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic information Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, & hydrogen

Nucleic Acid Structure Nitrogen base Phosphorus group Sugar and phosphate will bond Nitrogen base will form hydrogen bonds DNA or RNA

Nucleic Acid Function Store and transmit genetic information Nucleotide with 3 phosphates, ATP adenosine triphosphate used for energy Provide template for protein formation