What You SHOULD KNOW by NOW The document that declares to the world our independence from England is called the 1.___________ __ ____________What year? 2._____ Who wrote it? 3. ____________ Define BIAS? 4. ____________________________ Supreme Law of the Land? 5. _____________ What year? 6. ______ Who wrote it? 7. ______________

First Secretary of TREASURY Proposed the federal assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank, and the federal stimulation of industry through EXCISE tax and tariffs Opponents, including Jefferson, saw programs as aiding a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen Died from wounds sustained in a pistol duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s Vice President

Lasted from 1865 – 1877, from the end of the Civil War until the Union Army’s withdrawal from the South. It involved many factors; readmitting Southern states to the union, rebuilding a decimated south, & integrating freed slaves into society. It spurred economic development, the high tax rates and corruption that accompanied it, inspired widespread opposition in the South. When the Union Army left, the South largely returned to its pre- RECONSTRUCTION state.

The federal government guaranteed 160 acres of land in the WEST to any settler who would homestead it. Homesteading meant cultivating the land, building a home, and inhabiting it for at least five years. The government was eager to develop agriculture in the West. Unfortunately much of the available land already had people living on it --- the NATIVE AMERICANS.

Completed with GOLDEN SPIKE at Promontory Point, UTAH Marked the meeting of the UNION PACIFIC & the CENTRAL PACIFIC railroads During construction, the Union Pacific used IRISH labor, while the CENTRAL PACIFIC used CHINESE labor The connection of the railroads opened national markets and met growing economic needs

breakup of Native American tribes ASSIMILATING Legislation encouraging the breakup of Native American tribes in hopes of ASSIMILATING them into American society Distributed Native American reservation lands (farming) Distributed Native American reservation lands among individual members of the tribe to form a system of agriculture (farming) more similar to the white man’s head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland Gave each head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land Effect was to nearly destroy the reservation system remaining tribal lands were opened up for whites ….. Reversed in Effect was to nearly destroy the reservation system, as the remaining tribal lands were opened up for whites ….. Reversed in 1934.

Started by Wovoka (A Paiute Indian) in 1889, the GHOST DANCE MOVEMENT was based around a dance ritual that enabled participants to envision a better future, one in which NATIVE AMERICANS regained their control of North America. Sioux Ghost Dancers believed in medicine man-blessed “ghost shirts” that could stop bullets; this belief contributed a rise in Sioux militancy and, ultimately to the 1890 massacre at WOUNDED KNEE.

SIOUX natives wished to practice a dance (GHOST DANCE) that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, & lead to prosperity; this frightened white settlers The Federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was planning a rebellion’ acting on the settlers’ fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and others were killed; the remainder of the tribe fled to a camp near Wounded Knee Creek last battle INDIAN WARS When the army reached this camp, a shot was fired, and in reaction, the army killed two hundred men, women, & children in what is considered the last battle of the INDIAN WARS