3. Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) Colorado Gold Rush (1859) 1 st Reservation Policy

4. Colonel John Chivington Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sandy Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864

5. Capt. William J. Fetterman, The Sioux War 80 soldiers massacred December 21, 1866

6. Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867) 2 nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 – ends recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal govt.Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 – ends recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal govt. 2 nd Reservation Policy – smaller reservations2 nd Reservation Policy – smaller reservations

7. Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory! 1874 1874

8. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull Gen. George Armstrong Custer

9. Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

10. Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)

11. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Designed to break up tribal organizations into plots of up to 160 acres (end tribal identities) U.S. citizenship to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and led a “civilized life” 47 mil. acres distributed to Indians, 90 mil. acres of “best land” sold over the years to white settlers by the govt. Policy was a failure Indian population was 200,000 by the 20 th C. 1924=US Citizenship to all Indians, 1934=FDR’s New Deal grants re- establishment of tribal organizations and culture Carlisle Indian School, PA

12. Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890 Ghost dance participation linked to tribal resistance of assimilation Practice of the dance would unite the living with the spirits of the dead and bring peace and prosperity to all

13. Battle of Wounded Knee, SD December, 1890 U.S. Army gunned down more than 200 American Indian men, women, and children Final tragedy marked the end of the Indian Wars Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless body

14. Indian Reservations Today

15. Oklahoma Land Rush,1889 1890 US Census declares frontier had been settled 300 years of frontier experience shaped culture through individualism and independence Frontier = Social Leveler Free Land = Safety valve for releasing discontent in American society Frontier = Fresh Start for many Frederick Jackson TurnerFrederick Jackson Turner The Significance of the Frontier in American Society (1893)

17. Destruction of the Buffalo Herds The near extinction of the buffalo.

18. Yellowstone National Park First national park established in 1872.

19. National Parks

20. Conservation Movement John Muir With President Theodore Roosevelt

21. Sierra Club Founded in 1892