Intro to Cell Biology VOCAB ONLY

Another name for a “living thing” organism Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge proton

Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer autotroph Sexual reproduction Process in which offspring are produced by combining genetic material from 2 parents

Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy cellulose Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose. ATP RIBOSE Image by Riedell

Unfolding that happens to a protein in extreme temperatures or pH that causes it to change shape denaturing Stimulus that comes from outside an organism External stimulus

An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world science gene A short DNA segment that gives the instructions for a protein

The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids nucleotides Polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose for later glycogen

Kind of lipid made from carbon and hydrogen joined in rings instead of chains that make up cell membranes and can act as hormones steroids

Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide Scale used to measure acidity Molecule formed when a substrate bonds to the active site of an enzyme pH Enzyme-substrate complex

Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer heterotroph Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material of a single parent Asexual reproduction

Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG macromolecule Stimulus that comes from inside an organism internal stimulus

Another name for a heterotroph consumer Atomic particle with a negative charge electron A signal to which an organism responds stimulus Image from:

Change in an organism over time; Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms Place in an atom where electrons orbit Energy levels evolution

The basic unit of life is the ________. cell The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions differentiation

Embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a variety cell types Stem cell Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction substrate

Another name for an autotroph producer Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom neutron Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide

Macromolecule made of a polar glycerol phosphate head and non- polar tails used to make cell membranes phospholipid 5 carbon sugar used to make RNA ribose Image by Riedell

All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes metabolism Organism made of many cells multicellular Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic

Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells hemoglobin Kind of chemical reaction used by cells to join molecules together by removing an H and OH to make a water molecule Dehydration synthesis

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment homeostasis Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation products

Describes a polar molecule that mixes easily with water; means “water loving” hydrophilic Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers monomer Image by Riedell

The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy glucose Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches Active site

Molecule made of a protein with carbohydrates attached found in cell membranes that helps in cell identification glycoprotein Protein hormone, missing in people with diabetes, that tells cells to store glucose as glycogen insulin

Double stranded nucleic acid molecule containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases found in chromosomes that stores genetic information DNA Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide

Energy required to get a chemical reaction started Activation energy Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules Van der Waals forces Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy catalyst

The process plants use to capture energy from the sun and make glucose photosynthesis Organism made of only one cell unicellular Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule hydrolysis

Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged atoms in another molecule Hydrogen bonds Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster enzyme Images from:

Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other protein polar Image from:

5 carbon sugar used to make DNA deoxyribose An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge ion Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react reactants Image from:

Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing” hydrophobic One of the components (including adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) that make up nucleotides Nitrogen bases

Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body carbohydrate Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits together polymer Image by Riedell

Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis nucleic acid

Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil RNA (ribonucleic acid) Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), and a variable R group Amino acid Image by Riedell

Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells to store glucose for later starch The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________ biology What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid