Thursday, October 30th , 2014 – Day 2 Period 1 BIO.A.2.2.1: To explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules Objective: To discuss the unique properties of carbon and why carbohydrates are essential to living things Warmup: What kinds of materials do plants take in on a daily basis? H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2 sunlight

Macromolecules CARBOHYDRATES

I. Background Bond breaks = Made of saccharides (simple sugar) molecules Contain a ratio of: 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen (example: C6H12O6) Carbohydrates release lots of energy when the bonds within them are broken. For example: C6 H12 O6 Bond breaks = Energy

I. Background Most dissolve easily in water, therefore are hydrophilic Functions: Energy source Make up organelles (ex. cell walls, cell membranes)

II. Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – one simple sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) fructose (C6H12O6) galactose (C6H12O6) Molecules (see above) with the same formula but different structural arrangements are called isomers (see below)

II. Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide characteristics: fast acting (break bonds easily) regulated by insulin Questions: What three different types of atoms, or elements, are present in the monosaccharides shown previously? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: Write the molecular formula for glucose, fructose and galactose by adding the subscripts to the following: Glucose: C6H12O6 Fructose: C6H12O6 Galactose: C6H12O6

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: Compare the number of hydrogen atoms to the number of oxygen atoms in each sugar. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen? 2:1

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: Cut out a model of glucose and glue it in the box below. Glucose

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: What atoms are attached to each end of the glucose molecule? OH, H

II. Types of Carbohydrates Disaccharide – two simple sugar units Examples: sucrose (C12H12O11) maltose (C12H22O11) lactose (C12H22O11) Disaccharide characteristics: fast acting (break easily) slightly larger than monosaccharides

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: Cut out a model of glucose and fructose along the solid lines only. Try to join the two molecules together to form a disaccharide called sucrose. Will the two models stay together to form one model of sucrose? No

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: In order to join them together, you must remove an OH end from one molecule and an H from the other. Cut along the dotted lines. Glue the joined models together in the box below. Attach the OH and H ends and glue that below as well. Label the name of the new molecule.

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: Cut out a model of glucose and galactose to form the disaccharide lactose. Glue the joined models together in the box below. Attach the OH and H ends and glue that below as well. Label the names of the two new molecules.

Thursday October 30th , 2014 – Day 2 Period 3 BIO.A.2.2.1: To explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules Objective: To discuss the unique properties of carbon and why carbohydrates are essential to living things Warmup: 1.) Sugars such as glucose, fructose and ribose are examples of . a. Nucleic acids c. lipids b. Carbohydrates d. Proteins 2.) Carbon atoms have electrons in their outer shell. One carbon atom can form bonds with other atoms.

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: Write the molecular formula for lactose by adding the correct subscripts. Use the structural formulas as a guide and remember that one water was lost. Lactose: C12H22O11 Determine the ratios of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms for: Sucrose and lactose: H 2 O 1 Glucose and fructose: H 2 O 1

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: How many monosaccharide molecules are needed to construct a disaccharide molecule? 2

II. Types of Carbohydrates Polysaccharide – many (100s-1000s) sugar units Examples: starch found in plants (for energy) glycogen found in animals (for energy) cellulose found in plants (for support) chitin found in animals (for support) Polysaccharide characteristics: long lasting energy source (many bonds)

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: Construct a starch molecule by joining three glucose molecules. This will only represent a small part of a starch molecule. Attach the molecule in the area below and title them. There should be one polysaccharide molecule and two water molecules.

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: What smaller molecules make up all polysaccharides? monosaccharides “Mono” means one, “di” means two and “poly” means many. Why are these prefixes used in describing the three main types of carbohydrates? Describes the number of monomers in the larger polymer.

II. Types of Carbohydrates Questions: Synthesis means “putting together.” Dehydrate means “loss of water.” Explain why biologists refer to the joining of monosaccharide molecules as a dehydration synthesis, or condensation, reaction. Water is removed when monomers (monosaccharides) are joined together to make a larger polymer (di- or polysaccharide)