1. Carbohydrates Give me a “C”, Give me an “H”, Give me an “N”, Give me an “O”, Give me a “P”, Give me an “S”, What does it spell??? CHNOPS!!!! *That was for Julie who is our lovely 1 st period cheerleader!!!

2. General Info Most compounds made by organisms contain the element carbon and are organic. The macromolecules of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are built from the elements of CHNOPS.

3. Monomers vs. Polymers A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. Here is a monomer: A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. Here is a monomer: Here is a polymer: Here is a polymer: Most organic molecules are constructed of basic units called monomers that repeat over and over again.

4. Dehydration Synthesis When 2 monomers unite it releases 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom (H 2 O) To dehydrate the molecule means you are pulling water (a.k.a. “wah wah”) out of it This process is called dehydration synthesis (or condensation). This process is called dehydration synthesis (or condensation).

5. Dehydration Synthesis When many monomers unite they form a larger molecule called a polymer www.google.comwww.google.com shows examples of dehydration synthesis www.google.com

6. Breaking up a Polymer-Hydrolysis A polymer is broken up when water is added back into the process called hydrolysis www.google.comwww.google.com shows examples of hydrolysis www.google.com

7. Carbohydrates –our second organic macromolecule Contain elements C,H,O Monosaccharide sugars (mono means “one” & saccharide means “sugar”) Monosaccharide sugars (mono means “one” & saccharide means “sugar”)

8. Monosaccharides ex. glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose is found as a straight chain or ring form (linked by covalent bonds) Glucose is the sugar in human bloodstream and it provides quick energy

9. Monosaccharides (cont.) other types are fructose (found in fruit) and galactose (found in milk) other types are fructose (found in fruit) and galactose (found in milk) Glucose, fructose, & galactose are all isomers and have the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 fructose galactose

10. Disaccharides You gonna die!!! Just joking, prefix “di” means 2. Disaccharide sugars-link 2 monosaccharides together by dehydration synthesis fyi: types are sucrose (table sugar), maltose (found in malted milk balls), and lactose (found in milk)

11. Formation of disaccharides Formation of disaccharide from combining 2 monosaccharides (do dehydration synthesis and release water)

12. Formation of disaccharide sucrose by doing dehydration synthesis Sucrose

13. Polysaccharides Polysaccharide sugars-made of 100’s to 1000’s of glucose monomer units linked by dehydration synthesis Ex. Starch i. main energy storage for plants i. main energy storage for plants ii. found in cereals, pastas, rice ii. found in cereals, pastas, rice fyi: other types are glycogen, cellulose, & chitin general sources of carbohydrates- grains, rice, breads, fruits, vegetables, potatoes, sweets (60 % of daily calorie intake)

14. Formation of polysaccharides Formation of polysaccharide is made by linking together hundreds of monosaccharides (do dehydration synthesis and release water)

15. Examples of polysaccharides The polysaccharide called cellulose is formed from a chain of glucose molecules (by doing dehydration synthesis and pulling out water)

16. Other polysaccharides Ex. Glycogen- has more branching of glucose molecules

17. More polysaccharides Ex. Chitin- the “c” is pronounced like a “k”, not like an “s” (ha! ha!) Chitin gives arthropods their hard exoskeleton

18. Chitin