1. The Chemistry of Life
What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

2. Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphours (P)

3. Building Large Molecules of Life
Chain together smaller molecules
Building block molecules = Monomers
Monomers linked together to form = Polymer

4. Building Important Polymers
Carbohydrates = Built form Monosaccharides Proteins = Built from Amino Acids

5. Building Important Polymers
Nucleic Acids= Built form Nucleotides
DNA
RNA

6. Carbohydrates

7. General characteristics of Carbohydrates
Compounds composed of element C, H, and O
The ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in every single carbohydrate is 1:2:1, the simplest carbohydrate has the molecular formula of CH2O
All sugars have the ending -ose
e.g. glucose, galactose
carbohydrates are the most abundant compounds found in nature (E.g.cellulose: 100 billion tons annually)
Imperical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound 7

8. Functions sources of energy
form structural tissues in plants and in microorganisms
participate in biological transport, cell-cell recognition and signaling, ABO blood groups 8

9. Classification of carbohydrates
Saccharides: Sugar
Monosaccharides
Mono-: One
Disaccharides
Di-: Two
Polysaccharides
Poly-: Many 9

10. Monosaccharides Also known as simple sugars
Basic unit of any carbohydrates
Example: Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose 10

11. Glucose and Galactose Glucose Galactose
The molecular formula for Glucose is: C6H12O6

12. Fructose and Ribose
Fructose 12

13. Disaccharides
Disaccharides are the products when two monosaccharides are chemically linked together with the loss of one water molecule
This chemical reaction is called dehydration synthesis
One example of disaccharides is sucrose, also known as table sugar

14. Dehydration Synthesis

15. Hydrolysis Monosaccharides can be linked through dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be broken down through hydrolysis
Hydrolysis: The splitting of a molecule into two smaller molecules through the addition of water

16. Hydrolysis

17. Compare and Contrast Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis
Make polymers
Lose water
Hydrolysis:
Make monomers
Gain water
Similarities:

18. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides consist of many monosaccharide units linked together chemically, each with the elimination of water
e.g Starch

19. Relative Sweetness Relative Sweetness
Fructose > Sucrose > Lactose
How do we know?
By taste