Goals: Name economic conditions necessary Explain why these were “revolutionary” Identify transportation improvements Describe positives and negatives Industrial Revolution

What is it? Industrial-work or labor related Revolution-sweeping changes to current ideas/practices Industrial Revolution-important changes to the way people worked No longer making everything by hand-use of machines Why was England the leader in this revolution?

Why England? Natural resources in abundance Coal, iron ore, rivers Laborers % increase in population Improved farming Potato-from America English government forced farm workers off land Enclosures for wealthy landowners Capital Wealthy people started new ventures & invested money in new factories

The Revolution Spreads 1860-Germany was industrialized 1870’s-United States was a powerful industrial country Process continues today Economists divide world countries into 2 categories Industrialized-resources and capital needed Developing-lack and industrial economy

Inventions Steam engine improvements-James Watt 1773 Steam engine that powered wheels Flying shuttle-John Kay 1733 Carries thread from 1 side to the other- improved cloth making Spinning Jenny-James Hargreaves 1764 Spinning wheel with 8 wheels instead of 1 Spinning Mule-Samuel Crompton 1778 Spin thread 150 miles long from 1 pound of cotton Cotton Gin-Whitney 1793-picked seeds from cotton 50 times faster than by hand

Mass Production Whitney-made little money from cotton gin Better gun manufacturer Used to be made by hand-each was different Whitney made parts that were identical Those parts assembled alike-now parts can be replaced by anyone Mass production-making large amounts of the same thing, usually identical Less time to make things, less expensive to buy, more is produced

Steel 1856-Henry Bessemer Bessemer process- removed impurities from iron-produced steel Stronger than iron and more flexible Nations with large amounts of coal and iron began building steel plants Germany-Ruhr Valley, England- North, US-Pittsburgh, PA

Transportation Improvements Dirt roads-difficult to travel on Telford & McAdam-2 layer and crushed stone roads Canals-1 st 1760’s in England, 1825 in the US Coal easier to move & cheaper BUT expensive & needed water Steam locomotive was answer

Steam Engine Powered the steam locomotive 1 st engine for pumping water out of coal mines 1763-James Watt improves it-to turn wheels Textile machines used wheels-steam engine was a natural fit Factories previously used water to power them but had to be near running water source With steam engines-factories to be built anywhere By 1800-over 500 engines were powering factories

Railroads Stephenson-The Blucher 30 tons at 4 MPH 1829-The Rocket 30 MPH Become the most important form of transportation Industry grew from need for rails, cars, and locomotives, workers to build them

Changes-Positive & Negative England-the “workshop of the world” Before 1750’s-most people stayed near home-rarely went more than 10 miles England made over ½ the world’s cloth England passed laws so technology & people wouldn’t leave the country and other countries industrialize Prices of goods much lower & quality was better

United States 1789-Samuel Slater memorized plans for a spinning machine Snuck on a ship to the US-1793 built 1 st thread-making machine in US Lowell-in Mass. Provided schools & clean places to live-very few owner followed in his footsteps Development of new power sources: Electricity-Edison Oil-gasoline-Gottlieb Daimler

Changes to Cities Populations grew quickly Unhealthy conditions- Garbage filled streets Whole families worked Dangerous machines No worker’s comp or doctors to help them Labor unions grew